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New approaches to subliminal perception: exploring the unconscious perception of masked primes with Bayesian regression models and General Recognition Theory (GRT)

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dc.contributor.authorJiménez Méndez, Mikel
dc.contributor.authorAndrade, Christian
dc.contributor.authorHinojosa , José Antonio
dc.contributor.authorMontoro Martínez, Pedro Raúl
dc.contributor.authorPrieto Lara, Antonio
dc.contributor.funderAgencia Estatal de Investigación. España
dc.date.accessioned2026-03-03T12:57:37Z
dc.date.available2026-03-03T12:57:37Z
dc.date.issued2026-02-27
dc.descriptionThe registered version of this article, first published in Consciousness and Cognition, is available online at the publisher's website: Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2026.104018
dc.descriptionLa versión registrada de este artículo, publicado por primera vez en Consciousness and Cognition, está disponible en línea en el sitio web del editor: Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2026.104018
dc.description.abstractOne of the central debates in experimental psychology concerns the extent to which information outside conscious awareness can influence behavior. This study aims to assess whether two novel approaches to unconscious perception, a regression-based Bayesian generative model and Sensitivity vs. Awareness curves derived from General Recognition Theory (GRT), produce convergent results when examining the visual processing of briefly presented masked stimuli. While both investigate “unconscious processing,” they differ not only in how they define “unconscious” (chance-level discrimination vs. absence of subjective awareness) and “processing” (priming vs. detection), but also in their underlying mathematical frameworks. To investigate this, we examined the grouping of local elements into global shapes using two prime-mask stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA): a shorter baseline SOA of 40 ms (Experiment 1) and a longer SOA of 67 ms (Experiment 2). Both methods provided evidence for the unconscious processing of the primes’ global shape in Experiment 2. However, while GRT analyses also supported unconscious processing at the shorter 40 ms SOA, the Bayesian generative models produced strong evidence against it. We show that discrepancies between both approaches may arise not only from their operational definitions, but also their underlying mathematical frameworks and validity. While the plausibility of the Goldstein model’s assumptions remains debated, preliminary SvA simulations suggest limited robustness of the GRT-based model, warranting caution pending further validation. Although both approaches provide refined tools for studying unconscious perception, persistent methodological challenges remain, highlighting the need for clearer definitions of unconscious processing and more thorough validation of the methods employed.en
dc.description.provenanceMade available in DSpace on 2026-03-03T12:57:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 New approaches to subliminal perception.pdf: 5544233 bytes, checksum: 15be841b680112c4c11082de367b2d0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2026-02-27en
dc.description.sponsorshipThe present project is supported by Grants PID2021-125842NB-I00 and PID2024-158143NB-I00 from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain).
dc.description.versionversión publicada
dc.identifier.citationJimenez, M., Andrade, C., Hinojosa, J. A., Montoro, P. R., & Prieto, A. (2026). New approaches to subliminal perception: exploring the unconscious perception of masked primes with Bayesian regression models and General Recognition Theory (GRT). Consciousness and Cognition, 140, 104018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2026.104018
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2026.104018
dc.identifier.eissn1090-2376
dc.identifier.issn1053-8100
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14468/32011
dc.journal.titleConsciousness and Cognition
dc.journal.volume140
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relation.centerFacultad de Psicología
dc.relation.departmentPsicología Básica I
dc.relation.projectidinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2021-125842NB-I00
dc.relation.projectidinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica, Técnica y de Innovación 2024–2027/PID2024-158143NB-I00
dc.relation.researchgroupNeurociencia cognitiva y psicología experimental (PEXCOG)
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es
dc.subject6106 Psicología experimental
dc.subject6104.01 Procesos cognitivos
dc.subject.keywordsVisual awarenessen
dc.subject.keywordsAwareness measuresen
dc.subject.keywordsUnconscious perceptionen
dc.subject.keywordsBayesian inferenceen
dc.subject.keywordsVisual maskingen
dc.subject.keywordsGeneral Recognition Theoryen
dc.titleNew approaches to subliminal perception: exploring the unconscious perception of masked primes with Bayesian regression models and General Recognition Theory (GRT)en
dc.typeartículoes
dc.typejournal articleen
dspace.entity.typePublication
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relation.isAuthorOfPublication3a4721c9-e543-4c33-ba1a-eb42e90a6e3d
relation.isAuthorOfPublication421ab4cb-63bb-43ce-bf00-4893215d95d8
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery8c58b0fb-05b6-4df1-a022-ae593b06f167
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