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2025-10-09
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
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Este estudio explora el concepto de «derrotismo» durante la Guerra Civil Española como herramienta discursiva y operativa desarrollada por ambos bandos—republicano y sublevado— para identificar, reprimir y castigar la disidencia, el escepticismo y la falta de alineamiento con el esfuerzo bélico. Lejos de ser un fenómeno exclusivamente militar o psicológico, el derrotismo se presenta aquí como una categoría políticamente construida, utilizada para mantener el control ideológico y la disciplina moral tanto en el frente como en la retaguardia. La investigación demuestra que los derrotistas no eran simplemente cobardes o traidores, sino a menudo individuos comunes que, impulsados por el miedo, el agotamiento, la convicción ética o la voluntad de supervivencia, se resistieron a la lógica binaria del conflicto. A través del análisis de archivos judiciales, testimonios personales, propaganda y directivas políticas y militares, este artículo revela cómo el derrotismo se instrumentalizó para reforzar las narrativas hegemónicas y justificar la represión interna. Un estudio comparativo permite una comprensión matizada de cómo los marcos legales, las estructuras militares y los discursos culturales convergieron en la gestión de la disidencia. En definitiva, este trabajo aboga por la inclusión de figuras derrotistas en la memoria histórica de la guerra, no como héroes, sino como actores legítimos cuyo silencio, huida o negativa a combatir ofrece una visión crítica del complejo tejido moral y social de la España de la guerra. Al recuperar sus voces, este estudio contribuye a una reflexión más amplia sobre el poder, la obediencia y los límites de la ideología en tiempos de guerra.
This study explores the concept of “defeatism” during the Spanish Civil War as a discursive and operational tool developed by both sides—Republican and Nationals—to identify, suppress, and punish dissent, skepticism, and non-alignment with the war effort. Far from being an exclusively military or psychological phenomenon, defeatism is presented here as a politically constructed category used to maintain ideological control and moral discipline in both the front and the rearguard. The research demonstrates that defeatists were not merely cowards or traitors, but often ordinary individuals who— driven by fear, exhaustion, ethical conviction, or the will to survive—resisted the binary logic of the conflict. Through the analysis of judicial archives, personal testimonies, propaganda, and political and military directives, this article reveals how defeatism was instrumentalized to reinforce hegemonic narratives and justify internal repression. A comparative study allows for a nuanced understanding of how legal frameworks, military structures, and cultural discourses converged in managing dissent. Ultimately, this work argues for the inclusion of defeatist figures in the historical memory of the war, not as heroes, but as legitimate actors whose silence, flight, or refusal to fight offers critical insight into the complex moral and social fabric of wartime Spain. By recovering their voices, this study contributes to a broader reflection on power, obedience, and the limits of ideology in times of war.
This study explores the concept of “defeatism” during the Spanish Civil War as a discursive and operational tool developed by both sides—Republican and Nationals—to identify, suppress, and punish dissent, skepticism, and non-alignment with the war effort. Far from being an exclusively military or psychological phenomenon, defeatism is presented here as a politically constructed category used to maintain ideological control and moral discipline in both the front and the rearguard. The research demonstrates that defeatists were not merely cowards or traitors, but often ordinary individuals who— driven by fear, exhaustion, ethical conviction, or the will to survive—resisted the binary logic of the conflict. Through the analysis of judicial archives, personal testimonies, propaganda, and political and military directives, this article reveals how defeatism was instrumentalized to reinforce hegemonic narratives and justify internal repression. A comparative study allows for a nuanced understanding of how legal frameworks, military structures, and cultural discourses converged in managing dissent. Ultimately, this work argues for the inclusion of defeatist figures in the historical memory of the war, not as heroes, but as legitimate actors whose silence, flight, or refusal to fight offers critical insight into the complex moral and social fabric of wartime Spain. By recovering their voices, this study contributes to a broader reflection on power, obedience, and the limits of ideology in times of war.
Descripción
Categorías UNESCO
Palabras clave
Guerra civil española, derrotismo, disidencia, deserción, resistencias, control social, Spanish Civil War; ; ; ; ; ., defeatism, dissent, desertion, resistances, social control
Citación
Ballester Hormigo, Andrés David (2025), Derrotistas en la Guerra Civil Española. Resistencia desde los márgenes del conflicto. Trabajo de Fin de Máster. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED)
Centro
Facultad de Geografía e Historia
Departamento
Historia Contemporánea