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Banking digitalization in Spain: How branch closures and digital barriers reshape financial inclusion

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dc.contributor.authorMartínez de Ibarreta, Carlos
dc.contributor.authorRuiz Rua, Aurora
dc.contributor.authorGijón Tascón, María Covadonga
dc.contributor.authorFernández Bonilla, Fernando
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-23T12:21:52Z
dc.date.available2026-02-23T12:21:52Z
dc.date.issued2025-04-08
dc.descriptionThe registered version of this article, first published in “Digital Business 5(1) (2025), 100119", is available online at the publisher's website: Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2025.100119
dc.descriptionLa versión registrada de este artículo, publicado por primera vez en “Digital Business 5(1) (2025), 100119", está disponible en línea en el sitio web del editor: Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2025.100119
dc.description.abstractThis paper examines the impact of banking digitalization in Spain, focusing on the consequences of branch closures and digital barriers for financial inclusion. Using panel data from the Survey on Equipment and Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Households (2017–2021), a logit model with random effects is estimated to analyse the determinants of e-banking adoption. The findings reveal that a lower density of bank branches per 1000 inhabitants significantly increases the propensity to use e-banking. However, digital financial inclusion remains uneven, with age, digital skills, gender, and geographic location playing critical roles in adoption patterns. While the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated e-banking uptake, structural inequalities persist, particularly among older adults and rural populations. Additionally, despite rising e-banking adoption, engagement with advanced digital financial services (e.g., stock trading, insurance, loans) remains limited, suggesting that digital financial literacy gaps continue to hinder full participation in digital banking. These findings highlight the need for targeted financial education programs, improved digital infrastructure, and hybrid banking models that ensure accessibility for vulnerable populations.en
dc.description.provenanceMade available in DSpace on 2026-02-23T12:21:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Banking digitalization in Spain: How branch closures and digital barriers reshape financial inclusion. Aurora Ruíz Rúa.pdf: 2189970 bytes, checksum: 17d20f35e166e0f4326ea449570b6866 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2025-04-08en
dc.description.versionversión publicada
dc.identifier.citationMartínez de Ibarreta, C., Ruíz Rúa, A., Gijón, C., Fernádez, Bonilla, F. (2025). Banking digitalization in Spain: How branch closures and digital barriers reshape financial inclusion. Digital Business 5(1), 100119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2025.100119.
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2025.100119
dc.identifier.eissn2666-9544
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14468/31893
dc.journal.issue1
dc.journal.titleDigital Business
dc.journal.volume5
dc.language.isoen
dc.page.final16
dc.page.initial1
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relation.centerFacultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales
dc.relation.departmentTeoría Económica y Economía Matemática
dc.relation.researchgroupAplicaciones microeconómicas a empresas y hogares. Implicaciones para el bienestar individual y social
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.es
dc.subject53 Ciencias Económicas
dc.subject.keywordsAging populationen
dc.subject.keywordsBanking digitalizationen
dc.subject.keywordsDigital divideen
dc.subject.keywordsE-banking adoptionen
dc.subject.keywordsFinancial inclusionen
dc.subject.keywordsPanel data analysisen
dc.subject.keywordsRural bankingen
dc.titleBanking digitalization in Spain: How branch closures and digital barriers reshape financial inclusionen
dc.typeartículoes
dc.typejournal articleen
dspace.entity.typePublication
relation.isAuthorOfPublication50e1075a-491d-481c-89ab-3e88c8be4396
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationda4e20c7-d5df-419b-9e64-a32e98766ed0
relation.isAuthorOfPublication5c80a28a-3888-4978-a5b1-961d9cd758bd
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery50e1075a-491d-481c-89ab-3e88c8be4396
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