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2024-05
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Universidad de Chile
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Resumen
Las diferencias entre la dictadura franquista (España, 1939-1975) y aquellas que, como la de Chile (1973-1990), asolaron América latina en las últimas décadas del siglo XX, son claras y numerosas. Hace 50 años, durante el golpe de Estado en Chile, la prolongada dictadura española ya estaba inmersa en un proceso de desintegración que culminó con la muerte natural del dictador en 1975 y el inicio de la transición democrática. Sin embargo, ambas dictaduras consolidaron su poder mediante una brutal represión política y han ganado notoriedad internacional en las últimas décadas al desvelarse la práctica de robo de bebés a familias opositoras. No obstante, en la literatura sobre la historia del trabajo social en España encontramos un gran silencio en torno a estas temáticas y una narrativa centrada de manera casi exclusiva en las “luces” de la trayectoria de la profesión (hitos, logros y aspiraciones). Si bien este enfoque se entiende atendiendo al contexto histórico en el que tuvo que desarrollarse entre muchas dificultades el trabajo social en el país, y desde “el espíritu de la transición”, este artículo defenderá que se vuelve fundamental, al día de hoy, volver la vista atrás e investigar también “las sombras” y recovecos de la historia de esta profesión. Explorar estas sombras develará episodios de los que no estaremos orgullosos/as, pero también historias de valiente resistencia. Más importante todavía, ayudará al trabajo social en España a conocerse mejor (incluido su peligroso potencial) y a ocupar su lugar en los procesos de recuperación de la memoria histórica y reconciliación, tanto de puertas adentro como al servicio de la sociedad, de acuerdo con su compromiso ético con los derechos humanos y la justicia social.
The differences between the Francoist dictatorship (Spain, 1939-1975) and the dictatorships that, like the Chilean (1973-1990), devastated Latin America in the second half of the 20th century are evident and numerous. Even in terms of time, when the Coup d’état in Chile took place 50 years ago, the long Spanish dictatorship was already in a process of disintegration in which the natural death of the dictator in 1975 triggered the democratic transition. However, both were established through fierce political repression and have become known worldwide in recent decades for the networks of appropriation of babies from families opposed to the regime for their adoption by families aligned with it. However, in the literature on the history of social work in Spain there is a great “silence” around these topics and there is a clearly predominant narrative focused almost exclusively on the “lights” of the history of the profession (milestones, achievements and aspirations). Although this approach can be understood taking into account the historical context in which the social work profession in the country had to develop among many difficulties, and from “the spirit of the transition”, this article will argue that it becomes fundamental nowadays to look back and investigate “the shadows” and recesses of the history of this profession, too. Exploring these shadows will reveal episodes of which we will not be proud, but also stories of brave resistance. More importantly, it will help social work in Spain to better understand itself (including its dangerous potential) and to take its place in the processes of recovery of historical memory and reconciliation, both within the profession and at the service of society, in accordance with its ethical commitment to human rights and social justice
The differences between the Francoist dictatorship (Spain, 1939-1975) and the dictatorships that, like the Chilean (1973-1990), devastated Latin America in the second half of the 20th century are evident and numerous. Even in terms of time, when the Coup d’état in Chile took place 50 years ago, the long Spanish dictatorship was already in a process of disintegration in which the natural death of the dictator in 1975 triggered the democratic transition. However, both were established through fierce political repression and have become known worldwide in recent decades for the networks of appropriation of babies from families opposed to the regime for their adoption by families aligned with it. However, in the literature on the history of social work in Spain there is a great “silence” around these topics and there is a clearly predominant narrative focused almost exclusively on the “lights” of the history of the profession (milestones, achievements and aspirations). Although this approach can be understood taking into account the historical context in which the social work profession in the country had to develop among many difficulties, and from “the spirit of the transition”, this article will argue that it becomes fundamental nowadays to look back and investigate “the shadows” and recesses of the history of this profession, too. Exploring these shadows will reveal episodes of which we will not be proud, but also stories of brave resistance. More importantly, it will help social work in Spain to better understand itself (including its dangerous potential) and to take its place in the processes of recovery of historical memory and reconciliation, both within the profession and at the service of society, in accordance with its ethical commitment to human rights and social justice
Descripción
The registered version of this article, first published in “Propuestas Críticas En Trabajo Social-Critical Proposals in Social Work, 4(7), 2024", is available online at the publisher's website: Universidad de Chile, https://doi.org/10.5354/2735-6620.2024.72297
La versión registrada de este artículo, publicado por primera vez en “Propuestas Críticas En Trabajo Social-Critical Proposals in Social Work, 4(7), 2024", está disponible en línea en el sitio web del editor: Universidad de Chile, https://doi.org/10.5354/2735-6620.2024.72297
Categorías UNESCO
Palabras clave
Trabajo Social, historia, franquismo, España, derechos humanos, Social work, history, Francoism, Spain, human rights
Citación
Martinez Herrero, I. (2024). Luces y sombras del trabajo social en la dictadura franquista (España, 1939-1975): una historia aún por contar. Propuestas Críticas En Trabajo Social-Critical Proposals in Social Work, 4(7), 45–66. https://doi.org/10.5354/2735-6620.2024.72297
Centro
Facultad de Derecho
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Trabajo Social