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2023-06-15
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El presente trabajo de fin de grado se basa en la evolución histórica de los moriscos del reino de Granada, que abarca un amplio periodo de nuestro pasado. Comienza con un acontecimiento trascendental: las Capitulaciones de Granada. En este hecho, el pacto alcanzado por el rey Boabdil con los Reyes Católicos suponían en principio unas condiciones extremadamente ventajosas para los mudéjares del reino granadino, a los cuales se le permitía continuar con su fe, cultura y patrimonio.
La siguiente fase fue la conversión, aunque en un principio voluntaria, la presión de la Iglesia Católica sobre los musulmanes, mediante métodos coactivos, inició un proceso de conversiones forzadas. A partir de este momento es cuando los antes mudéjares pasarían a denominarse moriscos, que fue como se les llamaba a los conversos musulmanes al cristianismo que, aunque oficialmente eran cristianos, seguían en secreto practicando su fe islámica.
Tras la muerte de Isabel I de Castilla, el acceso al reinado de su heredera al trono Juana la Loca y su esposo el rey Felipe I, la muerte de su yerno, la astucia política de Fernando II derivó en la toma del poder del Reino de Castilla. A título de regente, se valió de la Inquisición y del Cardenal Cisneros para castigar a sus enemigos políticos que se habían posicionado al lado de su yerno. Este aumento del poder de la Inquisición tuvo consecuencias muy negativas para los moriscos de Granada, tras el cual los autos de fe y la expropiación de bienes de los moriscos se multiplicarían.
Después de la muerte del Rey Católico y la subida al trono de su nieto Carlos, la situación de los moriscos mejoraría ligeramente, ya que, ocupado en las guerras de Flandes y las posesiones de América, el asunto doméstico del problema morisco del reino de Granada era una cuestión menor que aprovecharía para recaudar impuestos y contribuciones especiales, entre otros, para edificar su palacio al lado de la Alhambra. En repetidas ocasiones y a cambio de posponer la aplicación de las pragmáticas promulgadas por el mismo que restringían los derechos de los moriscos, podemos decir que la postura más inteligente respecto a la cuestión morisca fue la adoptada por este monarca.
Con la llegada al trono de su hijo Felipe II, inmerso en el espíritu de la Contrarreforma y las guerras religiosas contra el protestantismo por un lado y la amenaza del imperio otomano por otro, la situación de los moriscos se fue agravando poco a poco, ya que empezaron a verse desde la perspectiva real como una amenaza directa a la unidad territorial del Estado y la fe católica. Esto lo llevaría a promulgar la conocida pragmática anti morisca de 1566, que daría inicio al alzamiento de los moriscos granadinos y al comienzo de la guerra de las Alpujarras.
Me he querido detener en una figura clave en la historia de los moriscos del reino de Granada: Aben Humeya. Un converso cristiano de noble familia morisca conocido por su anterior nombre: Fernando de Córdoba y Válor, que fue el líder de la revuelta y rey de los moriscos, una pieza clave en el alzamiento y una figura militar en la guerra de las Alpujarras, pues dirigió las actividades de las tropas moriscas hasta ser ejecutado por sus propios partidarios.
A continuación, expondré el desarrollo de la guerra de las Alpujarras. En primer lugar, se relatan los primeros enfrentamientos entre las tropas moriscas y cristianas. De una parte, el ejército liderado por el marqués de Mondéjar, partidario de la negociación con los moriscos para aplacar la rebelión; y de la otra, el marqués de los Vélez, partidario del castigo y su expulsión del Reino de Granada. En segundo lugar, el desarrollo de la guerra cambiaría con la intervención del hermanastro del Rey Felipe II, Don Juan de Austria, el cual terminaría con una guerra que se estaba enquistando por la rivalidad entre los dos marqueses y la indisciplina de las tropas, en su mayoría formada por milicias concejiles que no conseguían sofocar la rebelión.
Seguidamente haré un paréntesis en el relato de los acontecimientos para comentar los desmanes de esta cruel guerra perpetrados por ambos bandos, que la situó como la guerra religiosa más sangrienta de la época en Europa.
En la penúltima imagen se explicará la deportación de los moriscos del reino de Granada hacia Castilla y el resto de la península, en un intento de acabar definitivamente con el problema morisco e impedir que estos pudieran concertarse con el enemigo turco para facilitar una posible invasión de la península.
Concluiré este trabajo con el decreto de expulsión de los moriscos de la península, haciendo un detallado resumen del proceso de expulsión, de los diferentes reinos, las consecuencias políticas, humanas y sociales del proceso y el destino final de los moriscos tras abandonar la península ibérica.
This final degree project is based on the historical evolution of the Moriscos of the kingdom of Granada, which covers a wide period of our history. It begins with a transcendental fact: the capitulations of Granada. In this, the pact reached by King Boabdil with the Catholic Monarchs supposed in principle extremely advantageous conditions for the Mudejars of the Kingdom of Granada, who were allowed to continue with their faith, their culture and their heritage. The next phase was the conversion, initially voluntary, under pressure from the Catholic Church on the Muslims, through coercive methods, beginning a process of forced conversions. It was at this time that the formerly Mudejars would be called Moriscos, which was how Muslim converts to Christianity would be called from now on, who, although they were officially Christians, secretly continued to practice their Islamic faith. After the death of Isabella I of Castile, the accession to the reign of her heir to the throne Juana la Loca and her husband King Felipe I, the death of her son-in-law, the political cunning of Fernando II led to the seizure of power in the Kingdom of Castile. As regent, he used the Inquisition and Cardinal Cisneros to punish his political enemies who had sided with his sonin-law. This increase in the power of the Inquisition had very negative consequences for the Moors of Granada, after which the autos de fe and the expropriation of Moorish property would multiply. After the death of the Catholic King and the accession to the throne of his grandson Carlos, the situation of the Moors would improve slightly, since busy in the wars of Flanders and the possessions of America, the domestic issue of the Moorish problem of the kingdom of Granada was a minor issue that he would take advantage of to collect taxes and special contributions, among others, to build his palace next to the Alhambra. On repeated occasions and in exchange for postponing the application of the pragmatics promulgated by him that restricted the rights of the Moriscos, we can say that the most intelligent position regarding the Moorish question was the one adopted by this monarch. With the arrival of his son Felipe II, immersed in the spirit of the Counter-Reformation and the religious wars against Protestantism on the one hand and the threat of the Ottoman Empire on the other, the situation of the Moors gradually worsened, since they began to to be seen from the real perspective as a direct threat to the territorial unity of the State and the Catholic faith. This would lead him to promulgate the well-known anti-Moorish pragmatics of 1566, which would start the uprising of the Moors from Granada and the beginning of the War of the Alpujarras. I wanted to dwell on a key figure in the history of the Moors of the kingdom of Granada: Aben Humeya. A christian convert from a noble Moorish family known by his previous name: Fernando de Córvoba y Válor, who was the leader of the revolt and king of the Moors, a key player in the uprising and a military figure in the war of the Alpujarras, because he directed the activities of the Moorish troops until he was executed by his own supporters. Next, I will expose the development of the war of the Alpujarras. In the first place, the first confrontations between the Moorish troops and the Christians are recounted. On the one hand, the army led by the Marquis de Mondéjar, in favor of negotiating with the Moors to appease the rebellion; and on the other, the Marquis de los Vélez, a supporter of the punishment and his expulsion from the Kingdom of Granada. Secondly, the development of the war would change with the intervention of King Felipe II's half-brother, Don Juan of Austria, which would end with a war that was becoming entrenched due to the rivalry between the two marquises and the indiscipline of the troops, in its majority made up of councilors who were unable to quell the rebellion. Next I will make a parenthesis in the account of the events to comment on the excesses of this cruel war perpetrated by both sides, which ranked it as the cruelest and bloodiest religious war of the time in Europe. In the penultimate image, we will explain the deportation of the Moors from the kingdom of Granada to Castile and the rest of the peninsula, in an attempt to definitively end the Moorish problem and prevent them from reaching an agreement with the Turkish enemy to facilitate a possible invasion of the peninsula. I will conclude this work with the decree of expulsion of the Moors from the peninsula, making a detailed summary of the expulsion process, of the different kingdoms, the political, human and social consequences of the process and the final destination of the Moriscos after leaving the Iberian Peninsula.
This final degree project is based on the historical evolution of the Moriscos of the kingdom of Granada, which covers a wide period of our history. It begins with a transcendental fact: the capitulations of Granada. In this, the pact reached by King Boabdil with the Catholic Monarchs supposed in principle extremely advantageous conditions for the Mudejars of the Kingdom of Granada, who were allowed to continue with their faith, their culture and their heritage. The next phase was the conversion, initially voluntary, under pressure from the Catholic Church on the Muslims, through coercive methods, beginning a process of forced conversions. It was at this time that the formerly Mudejars would be called Moriscos, which was how Muslim converts to Christianity would be called from now on, who, although they were officially Christians, secretly continued to practice their Islamic faith. After the death of Isabella I of Castile, the accession to the reign of her heir to the throne Juana la Loca and her husband King Felipe I, the death of her son-in-law, the political cunning of Fernando II led to the seizure of power in the Kingdom of Castile. As regent, he used the Inquisition and Cardinal Cisneros to punish his political enemies who had sided with his sonin-law. This increase in the power of the Inquisition had very negative consequences for the Moors of Granada, after which the autos de fe and the expropriation of Moorish property would multiply. After the death of the Catholic King and the accession to the throne of his grandson Carlos, the situation of the Moors would improve slightly, since busy in the wars of Flanders and the possessions of America, the domestic issue of the Moorish problem of the kingdom of Granada was a minor issue that he would take advantage of to collect taxes and special contributions, among others, to build his palace next to the Alhambra. On repeated occasions and in exchange for postponing the application of the pragmatics promulgated by him that restricted the rights of the Moriscos, we can say that the most intelligent position regarding the Moorish question was the one adopted by this monarch. With the arrival of his son Felipe II, immersed in the spirit of the Counter-Reformation and the religious wars against Protestantism on the one hand and the threat of the Ottoman Empire on the other, the situation of the Moors gradually worsened, since they began to to be seen from the real perspective as a direct threat to the territorial unity of the State and the Catholic faith. This would lead him to promulgate the well-known anti-Moorish pragmatics of 1566, which would start the uprising of the Moors from Granada and the beginning of the War of the Alpujarras. I wanted to dwell on a key figure in the history of the Moors of the kingdom of Granada: Aben Humeya. A christian convert from a noble Moorish family known by his previous name: Fernando de Córvoba y Válor, who was the leader of the revolt and king of the Moors, a key player in the uprising and a military figure in the war of the Alpujarras, because he directed the activities of the Moorish troops until he was executed by his own supporters. Next, I will expose the development of the war of the Alpujarras. In the first place, the first confrontations between the Moorish troops and the Christians are recounted. On the one hand, the army led by the Marquis de Mondéjar, in favor of negotiating with the Moors to appease the rebellion; and on the other, the Marquis de los Vélez, a supporter of the punishment and his expulsion from the Kingdom of Granada. Secondly, the development of the war would change with the intervention of King Felipe II's half-brother, Don Juan of Austria, which would end with a war that was becoming entrenched due to the rivalry between the two marquises and the indiscipline of the troops, in its majority made up of councilors who were unable to quell the rebellion. Next I will make a parenthesis in the account of the events to comment on the excesses of this cruel war perpetrated by both sides, which ranked it as the cruelest and bloodiest religious war of the time in Europe. In the penultimate image, we will explain the deportation of the Moors from the kingdom of Granada to Castile and the rest of the peninsula, in an attempt to definitively end the Moorish problem and prevent them from reaching an agreement with the Turkish enemy to facilitate a possible invasion of the peninsula. I will conclude this work with the decree of expulsion of the Moors from the peninsula, making a detailed summary of the expulsion process, of the different kingdoms, the political, human and social consequences of the process and the final destination of the Moriscos after leaving the Iberian Peninsula.
Descripción
Categorías UNESCO
Palabras clave
Morisco, Mudéjar, Mondejar, Vélez, Boabdil, Alpujarras, Rebelión, Monfíes, Cisneros, Expulsión, Inquisición, Guerra, Deportación, Aben Humeya, Farax, Otomanos, Berberiscos, Austria, Exilio, Esclavitud, Moorish, Mudejar, Mondejar, Vélez, Boabdil, Alpujarras, Rebellion, Monfíes, Cisneros, Expulsion, Inquisition, War, Deportation, Aben Humeya, Farax, Ottomans, Berbers, Austria, Exile, Slavery
Citación
Rubio García, Eduardo. Trabajo de Fin de Grado: «Historia de los moriscos del Reino de Granada». Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 2023
Centro
Facultad de Derecho
Departamento
Historia del Derecho y de las Instituciones