Persona: Román González, Marcos
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mroman@edu.uned.es
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0000-0001-8506-1715
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Román González
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Publicación Didactic Strategies for the Education of Computational Thinking from a Gender Perspective: A Systematic Review(Wiley, 2024-03-13) Torres Torres, Yucnary-Daitiana; Román González, Marcos; Pérez González, Juan CarlosComputational Thinking (CT) is crucial for the advancement of the STEM field, where there continues to be a lack of female representation. Teaching and learning (T/L) of CT should incorporate didactic strategies that aim to eliminate gender biases and integrate girls/women into this context. In response to the question, “What didactic strategies have been implemented in the T/L of CT in primary and secondary education?”. A systematic review was conducted following a PRISMA protocol specifically designed for this review. The study analysed Didactic Strategies (DS) and examined whether they incorporated the so-called “minimum actions” (MA) proposed in this article as a strategy to integrate females into CT. The findings revealed a limited number of studies that implemented these actions. In conclusion, there is an urgent need to continue developing DS that incorporate these MA to effectively integrate girls and women into CT, allowing them to play a central role in its advancement and development.Publicación Comparing the psychometric properties of two primary school Computational Thinking (CT) assessments for grades 3 and 4: The Beginners' CT test (BCTt) and the competent CT test (cCTt)(Frontiers Media, 2022-12-12) El-Hamamsy, Laila; Zapata Cáceres, María; Marcelino, Pedro; Dehler Zuerey, Jessica; Martín Barroso, Estefanía; Román González, MarcosIntroduction: With the increasing amount of research around Computational Thinking (CT) and endeavors introducing CT into curricula worldwide, assessing CT at all levels of formal education is of utmost importance to ensure that CT-related learning objectives are met. This has contributed to a progressive increase in the number of validated and reliable CT assessments for K-12, including primary school. Researchers and practitioners are thus required to choose among multiple instruments, often overlapping in their age validity. Methods: In this study, we compare the psychometric properties of two of these instruments: the Beginners' CT test (BCTt), developed for grades 1–6, and the competent CT test (cCTt), validated for grades 3–4. Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory (IRT) were employed on data acquired from 575 students in grades 3–4 to compare the properties of the two instruments and refine the limits of their validity. Results: The findings (i) establish the detailed psychometric properties of the BCTt in grades 3–4 for the first time, and (ii) through a comparison with students from the same country, indicate that the cCTt should be preferred for grades 3–4 as the cCTt is able to discriminate between students of low and medium ability. Conversely, while the BCTt, which is easier, shows a ceiling effect, it is better suited to discriminate between students in the low ability range. For these grades, the BCTt can thus be employed as a screening mechanism to identify low ability students. Discussion: In addition to providing recomendations for use of these instruments, the findings highlight the importance of comparing the psychometric properties of existing assessments, so that researchers and practitioners, including teachers and policy makers involved in digital education curricular reforms, may take informed decisions when selecting assessments.Publicación Can computational talent be detected? Predictive validity of the Computational Thinking Test(Elsevier, 2018-11) Román González, Marcos; Pérez González, Juan Carlos; Moreno-León, Jesús; Robles, GregorioComputational thinking (CT) is arising as a set of problem-solving skills that must be acquired by the new generations of students to fully understand and participate in our computer-based world. However, from a psychometric approach, we are still at an early stage regarding the definition and assessment of CT as a psychological variable. One way to advance in this area is to investigate whether ‘computationally talented’ students (i.e., ‘computational top thinkers’) can be detected even before learning to code; and, if so, how to teach them properly to fully develop their high-computational ability. This paper presents several empirical concatenated studies about the predictive validity of the Computational Thinking Test (CTt), which is administered on a sample of 314 middle school Spanish students (n = 314). We report the predictive validity of the CTt, conducted at the beginning of the quarter, with respect to academic performance (Informatics, Mathematics, and Language) and learning analytics in a Code.org course collected at the end of the quarter. We also analyze the predictive validity of the CTt to early distinguish between ‘computational regular thinkers’ and ‘computational top thinkers’ (i.e., those who spontaneously accelerated from the ‘block-based’ programming environment of Code.org to the ‘text-based’ one of Khan Academy). Finally, we perform a case study over two of the students categorized as ‘computational top thinkers’, in which one of their coding products written in Processing JavaScript is described. Our results demonstrate that ‘computationally talented’ students can be detected in middle school, and that these subjects have the ability to accelerate in the Computer Science Education standards between 1 and 2 years compared to the regular learners. This could have major implications on the emerging computing curricula, which should take into account these individual differences in computational ability and ‘learning-how-to-code’ speed to ensure an appropriate progression for every student.Publicación Computational Thinking Assessment – Towards More Vivid Interpretations(Springer, 2023-06-01) Guggemos, Josef; Seufert, Sabine; Román González, MarcosComputational thinking (CT) is an important 21st-century skill. This paper aims at more useful CT assessment. Available evaluation instruments are reviewed; two generally accepted CT evaluation tools are selected for a comprehensive CT assessment: the CTt, a performance test, and the CTS, a self-assessment instrument. The sample comprises 202 high school students from German-speaking Switzerland. Concerning the CTt, Rasch-scalability is demonstrated. Utilizing the approach of the PISA studies, proficiency levels are formed that comprise tasks with specific characteristics that students are systematically able to master. This could help teachers to offer individual support to their students. In terms of the CTS, the original version is refined using confirmatory factor and measurement-invariance analysis. A latent profile analysis yielded four profiles, two of which are of particular interest. One profile comprises students with, on the one hand, moderate to high creative thinking ability, cooperativity, and critical thinking skills and, on the other hand, low algorithmic thinking ability. The second remarkable profile consists of students with particularly low cooperativity. Based on these strength and weakness profiles, teachers could offer support tailored to student needs.Publicación Visual programming languages integrated across the curriculum in elementary school: A two year case study using “Scratch” in five schools(Elsevier, 2016-03-05) Sáez López, José Manuel; Román González, Marcos; Vázquez Cano, EstebanSeveral authors and studies highlight the benefits of the integration of Computer Science into K-12 education. Applications such as Scratch have been demonstrated to be effective in educational environments. The aim of this study is to assess the use of a Visual Pro- gramming Language using Scratch in classroom practice, analyzing the outcomes and at- titudes of 107 primary school students from 5th to 6th grade in five different schools in Spain. The intervention takes place in two academic years analyzing the practice of inte- grating coding and visual blocks programming in sciences and arts. The “Computational concepts and computational practices” dimension details a quasi-experimental approach, which showed significant improvement regarding learning programming concepts, logic, and computational practices with an active approach. The “Learning processes and coding in primary education” dimension analyzes the practice of the experimental group through questionnaires and structured observation. In this pedagogical design, students interact and create their own content related to curricular areas with several advantages, such as motivation, fun, commitment, and enthusiasm, showing improvements related to computational thinking and computational practices. Understanding of computational concepts through an active approach, Project Based Learning, usefulness, motivation, and commitment underline the importance and effectiveness of implementing a Visual Pro- gramming Language from active methodologies in primary education. Due to the afore- mentioned benefits and positive results obtained in this research, it is recommended to implement a Visual Programming Language in educational settings in 5th and 6th grade in primary education through a cross-curricular implementation.Publicación Collaborative Game-Based Environment and Assessment Tool for Learning Computational Thinking in Primary School: A Case Study(IEEE, 2021-09-13) Zapata-Cáceres, María; Martín-Barroso, Estefanía; Román González, Marcos; Comunidad de Madrid; Unión EuropeaComputational thinking (CT) can be considered a 21st century core skill and, accordingly, it should be taught to students at an early age. Nevertheless, the implementation of CT in school curricula is still in an experimental stage, given that different performance metrics remain unclear, including the appropriate age for learning each skill, the significant and achievable computational concepts for each school year, teaching strategies, learning effectiveness, and strategies for assessing development. Based upon constructivist problem-solving learning strategies and supported by a three-dimensional framework, a game-based environment with both individual and collaborative playing modes has been developed as a learning and an assessment tool via learning analytics. Moreover, an exploratory case study has been carried out involving 176 primary school students. Results suggest that this environment is suitable as a learning and assessment tool for CT skills in primary school, providing enduring learning, particularly when it engages the collaborative playing mode. It seems to be better adapted to early primary school stage students, who showed greater improvements and who were able to assimilate more computational concepts than expected. Likewise, special needs or low percentile students benefit even more greatly from the learning tool and especially from the collaborative playing mode. The combination of different assessment methodologies—including CT pre- and posttests, data-driven analytics, direct observation, and questionnaires—provides assessment for each of the framework computational dimensions.Publicación Computational Concepts and their Assessment in Preschool Students: An Empirical Study(Springer, 2024-10-09) Jiménez, Marcos; Zapata Cáceres, María; Román González, Marcos; Robles, Gregorio; Moreno León, Jesús; Martín Barroso, EstefaníaComputational thinking (CT) is a multidimensional term that encompasses a wide variety of problem-solving skills related to the field of computer science. Unfortunately, standardized, valid, and reliable methods to assess CT skills in preschool children are lacking, compromising the reliability of the results reported in CT interventions. To surpass this limitation, we validated in a sample of 700 preschool students (5–6 years old) the Beginners Computational Thinking test Short-Form (BCTt-SF), an unplugged 12-item instrument that measures three of the most common computational concepts assessed in preschool research: sequences, loops, and conditionals. The theoretical model underpinning the BCTt-SF was supported by dimensionality assessment, which suggested that preschool students can be distinguished in terms of four specific abilities (i.e., sequences, simple loops, nested loops, and conditionals) and that all of these abilities were related by a general factor. We modeled this hierarchical structure with a bi-factor model that presented excellent psychometric properties, from good statistical fit indices to adequate reliability of the general ability. To take full advantage of this model, we created an online application in the Shiny platform (https://computationalthinkingtests.shinyapps.io/SF-BCTt/) for the seamless scoring of examinees by any teacher or researcher who uses the BCTt-SF to assess CT skills in preschool children. Finally, we demonstrated how the BCTt-SF can be used to test the impact of educational interventions for improving CT skills in preschoolers.Publicación Towards Data-Driven Learning Paths to Develop Computational Thinking with Scratch(IEEE, 2017-08-01) Moreno-León, Jesús; Robles, Gregorio; Román González, Marcos; Comunidad de MadridWith the introduction of computer programming in schools around the world, a myriad of guides are being published to support educators who are teaching this subject, often for the first time. Most of these books offer a learning path based on the experience of the experts who author them. In this paper we propose and investigate an alternative way of determining the most suitable learning paths by analyzing projects developed by learners hosted in public repositories. Therefore, we downloaded 250 projects of different types from the Scratch online platform, and identified the differences and clustered them based on a quantitative measure, the computational thinking score provided by Dr. Scratch. We then triangulated the results by qualitatively studying in detail the source code of the prototypical projects to explain the progression required to move from one cluster to the next one. The result is a data-driven itinerary that can support teachers and policy makers in the creation of a curriculum for learning to program. Aiming to generalize this approach, we discuss a potential recommender tool, populated with data from public repositories, to allow educators and learners creating their own learning paths, contributing thus to a personalized learning connected with students' interests.Publicación Innovación en el entrenamiento del aprendizaje autónomo: De los cursos en abierto a la formación en línea para estudiantes a distancia(2012-07-06) Sánchez-Elvira Paniagua, Ángeles; Martín Cuadrado, Ana María; Manzano Soto, Nuria; Román González, Marcos; González Brignardello, Marcela PazEl Plan de Acogida de la UNED tiene como principal objetivo favorecer una integración exitosa de los estudiantes nuevos a la metodología a distancia, así como la prevención del abandono. Una de sus acciones, específicamente destinada al entrenamiento del aprendizaje autónomo y autorregulado, es un curso ofertado en una doble modalidad: informal, en abierto, en el portal OCW de la UNED; y formal, en un curso en línea de tres ECTS. El presente trabajo muestra, la estructura y variedad de contenidos y actividades multimedia que constituyen el curso, así como información sobre algunas características de los participantes, sus valoraciones y su rendimiento académico con respecto al abandono.Publicación El rol de los Compañeros de Apoyo en Red (CAR) en las comunidades virtuales de acogida en la UNED(2011-07-11) Román González, Marcos; Sánchez-Elvira Paniagua, Ángeles; Martín Cuadrado, Ana María; González Brignardello, Marcela Paz