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López Tolsa Gómez, Gabriela Eugenia

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glopez@psi.uned.es
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López Tolsa Gómez
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Gabriela Eugenia
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2018 - 201912020 - 202610
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Mostrando 1 - 10 de 11
  • Miniatura
    Publicación
    Environmental enrichment accelerates the acquisition of schedule-induced drinking in rats
    (Elsevier, 2023-09-15) Fuentes Verdugo, Esmeralda; López Tolsa Gómez, Gabriela Eugenia; García Pascual, Raquel; Pellón Suárez de Puga, Ricardo
    Environmental enrichment (EE) provides an improvement in the housing conditions of experimental animals, such as laboratory rats, with greater physical and social stimulation through toys and company in the home cages. Its use is known to influence performance of experimental protocols, but these effects have not been well determined in the schedule-induced drinking (SID) procedure. The main goal of this study was to investigate the effects of EE on the acquisition of SID in 24 12-week-old male Wistar rats, divided into two groups, a group with EE housed with toys and companions, and a group without enrichment in individual housing conditions without toys (social isolation and no environmental enrichment, INEE). A total of 25 sessions, under a fixed time 30 s food reinforcement schedule and with access to water in the experimental chambers were carried out. Sessions lasted 30 min. The results showed that the EE group developed faster the excessive drinking pattern of SID, and drank to higher levels, than the INEE group. The greater development of SID in the EE group contradicts the view of schedule-induced behavior as linked to stress reduction and better suits with the conception of induction related to positive reinforcement.
  • Miniatura
    Publicación
    Behavioral history effects on the maintenance of schedule-induced drinking in rats
    (Wiley, 2026-01-06) López Tolsa Gómez, Gabriela Eugenia; Ardoy Cuadros, Juan; Pellón Suárez de Puga, Ricardo
    Variables affecting scheduled-induced drinking (SID) have been widely studied. Previous experience with other food schedules can slow or prevent acquisition of SID, and its rate can decrease once it has developed if the conditions of the experimental sessions change. These findings conform to the idea that the distribution of behaviors during interreinforcement intervals depends on the occurrence of other behaviors. The goal here was to investigate the effect of interrupting access to water on the subsequent maintenance of SID when access to water was restored. First, in Phase A, rats developed SID under three different fixed-interval (FI) schedules. Then, in Phase B, access to water was removed in the conditioning chambers while food continued to be delivered under the same schedules. Last, when access to water was restored, rats that continued under the foodreinforcement schedule showed lower levels of SID than subjects that remained in their home cages throughout Phase B. Competition between licking and lever pressing was observed, particularly during short FI schedules. These data expand previous findings on behavioral history effects on SID and suggest that SID is part of behavioral patterns developed during interreinforcement intervals in which distribution of behaviors depends on occurrence of all other behaviors.
  • Miniatura
    Publicación
    Chronic ∆-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol administration delays acquisition of schedule-induced drinking in rats and retains long-lasting effects
    (Springer, 2021-08-26) Fuentes Verdugo, Esmeralda; López Tolsa Gómez, Gabriela Eugenia; Pellón Suárez de Puga, Ricardo; Miguens Vázquez, Miguel
    Rationale: Schedule-induced drinking (SID) is a behavioural phenomenon characterized by an excessive and repetitive drinking pattern with a distinctive temporal distribution that has been proposed as a robust and replicable animal model of compulsivity. Despite cannabis currently being the most widely consumed illicit drug, with growing interest in its clinical applications, little is known about the effects of ∆-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on SID. Objectives: The effects of chronic and acute THC administration on SID acquisition, maintenance and extinction were studied, as were the effects of such administrations on the distinctive temporal distribution pattern of SID. Methods: THC (5 mg/kg i.p.), or the corresponding vehicle, was administered to adult Wistar rats for 14 days in a row. Subsequently, THC effects on SID acquisition were tested during 21 sessions using a 1h fixed-time 60-s food delivery schedule. Acute effects of THC were also evaluated after SID development. Finally, two extinction sessions were conducted to assess behavioural persistence. Results: The results showed that previous chronic THC treatment delayed SID acquisition and altered the distinctive behavioural temporal distribution pattern during sessions. Moreover, acute THC administration after SID development decreased SID performance in animals chronically pre-treated with the drug. No great persistence effects were observed during extinction in animals pre-treated with THC. Conclusions: These results suggest that chronic THC affects SID development, confirming that it can disrupt learning, possibly causing alterations in time estimation, and also leads to animals being sensitized when they are re-exposed to the drug after long periods without drug exposure.
  • Miniatura
    Publicación
    Temporal distribution of schedule-induced behavior depends on the essential value of the reinforcer
    (Wiley, 2025) Martínez Herrada, Antonio; Pellón Suárez de Puga, Ricardo; López Tolsa Gómez, Gabriela Eugenia
    The development of schedule-induced drinking depends on different variables affecting the food delivered at the end of the interfood interval. There are mixed results concerning the effects of varying magnitude and/or preference of different reinforcers in the development of schedule-induced drinking, with some studies showing higher levels and other studies showing lower levels of drinking. The purpose of this study was to observe how differences in preference for a flavor of equally nutritious food pellets influence the development and maintenance of schedule-induced drinking. Using the operant demand framework, four flavors of food pellets were compared to form two groups: one in which subjects would receive their most preferred flavor and another in which subjects would receive their least preferred flavor. In general, licking rates were lower and magazine-entering rates were higher when the preferred flavor was delivered regardless of the fixed-time schedule used. It is suggested that the value of the reinforcer has a larger influence on the immediately preceding behaviors, which will determine the distribution of competing responses in the interreinforcement intervals. These results are relevant to developing public policies that manipulate the taste of healthy food to increase its consumption.
  • Miniatura
    Publicación
    Qualitatively varied reinforcement does not increase rates of schedule-induced behaviour
    (DIGITAL.CSIC, 2024-08-01) Núñez Santana, Cuitláhuac; Hernández, Felizdania; López Tolsa Gómez, Gabriela Eugenia; Pellón Suárez de Puga, Ricardo; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)
    Qualitatively varied reinforcement (QVR) refers to the delivery of two or more consequences for the same operant response. It has been suggested that QVR ought to elicit higher response rates than a single reinforcer. Schedule-induced behaviours, like wheel running, have been compared to operant behaviours, thus they could be thought to be controlled by the same variables. The aim of this study was to compare the rates of lever pressing and wheel running during a component in which QVR was available to those in which a single reinforcer was available. Subjects were 8 experimentally naïve male Wistar rats deprived of food and water. Subjects were exposed to a multiple schedule with 3 components in which different consequences were available: food, water, or either food or water, according to a variable interval 120-s schedule for lever pressing. Each component lasted 30 minutes. During experimental sessions subjects also had access to a running wheel. Higher, albeit not significant, lever-pressing rates were recorded during the food component than during the water component or the qualitatively-varied one, and no systematic differences were found between components in wheel-running rates. A second experiment with a similar procedure but in which rats received double amount of reinforcer (food, water, and food and water) yielded similar results, but with slightly higher response rates during the qualitatively varied component than in Experiment 1. Results are consistent with the findings that schedule-induced behaviours are affected by the same variables than operant behaviours. There was no significant effect of QVR to produce higher response rates than single reinforcers.
  • Miniatura
    Publicación
    Development of schedule-induced behaviour in temporal tasks and its impact on timing
    (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Escuela Internacional de Doctorado. Programa de Doctorado en Psicología de la Salud, 2018-11-26) López Tolsa Gómez, Gabriela Eugenia; Pellón Suárez de Puga, Ricardo
    Los organismos desarrollan patrones semi invariables de conductas inducidas por programa y conductas objetivo durante el intervalo entre reforzadores cuando están expuestos a programas intermitentes de reforzamiento. La propiedad secuencial de estos patrones los ha llevado a ser considerados como una herramienta para la estimación temporal, pero el papel de las conductas inducidas por programa en las tareas temporales no se ha evaluado de forma sistemática. El objetivo de esta tesis fue observar el desarrollo de conductas inducidas por programa en diferentes tareas conductuales para evaluar su impacto en la estimación temporal. Para ello se llevo a cabo una serie de experimentos usando cuatro tareas temporales: intervalo fijo (IF), procedimiento de pico, bisección temporal y procedimiento de bi-pico. En todos los experimentos las ratas se dividieron en dos grupos, uno con acceso a agua en la caja de condicionamiento (grupos W), por lo que podían desarrolla bebida inducida por programa (BIP), y otro en el que las ratas no tenían acceso a agua en la caja de condicionamiento (grupos NW). En el Capítulo 2 se evaluó el efecto de desarrollar BIP en la ejecución en programas de IF. Los sujetos desarrollaron un patrón que incluía BIP y presión de palanca. Las ratas bebieron en la primera parte del intervalo y comenzaron a presionar la palanca cuando terminaron de beber. Dichos patrones tuvieron efectos diferentes en los intervalos cortos (IF 15-s e IF 30-s) que en el largo (IF 60-s). Los grupos W en los intervalos cortos mostraron una mejor ejecución que los grupos NW, mientras que el grupo W60 mostró un peor desempeño que el grupo NW60. Además, las ratas que tenían experiencia previa con BIP tuvieron una tasa de presión de palanca menor que las ratas que no tenían dicha experiencia, pero la distribución de las respuestas fue similar en ambos grupos. El objetivo del Capítulo 3 fue analizar la distribución y la interacción de la BIP y la presión de palanca en el procedimiento de pico. Se analizó la distribución de las respuestas durante los ensayos de IF y de intervalo de pico (IP), comparando grupos, sujetos y ensayos individuales. De forma similar al Capítulo 2, el desarrollo de BIP tuvo efectos contrarios en intervalos cortos y en intervalos largos: el pico ocurrió después para el grupo W15 que para el NW15; y antes para el grupo W60 que para el NW60. Las ratas con acceso a agua en el IF 15-s desarrollaron un patrón de conductas más organizado que las que no tenían acceso a agua. No hubo diferencias en la distribución de presiones de palanca entre los grupos del IF 60-s. Con el objetivo de estudiar el papel de las conductas inducidas por programa en la estimación temporal, en el Capítulo 4 se evaluó la ejecución de ratas con y sin acceso a agua en la tarea de bisección temporal. Las ratas aprendieron a discriminar entre estímulos de 10 y 40 segundos de duración y después fueron evaluados usando duraciones intermedias del estímulo. No hubo diferencias en las medidas de estimación temporal entre grupos en el Experimento 1, pero la BIP se desarrolló sobre todo en el intervalo entre ensayos (IEE). En el Experimento 2 los sujetos fueron expuestos a la misma tarea, pero con un IEE más corto. Las ratas bebieron durante los estímulos, pero no hubo diferencias entre grupos en los parámetros de estimación temporal. Sin embargo, la distribución de las respuestas fue diferente para ambos grupos. Las ratas que tuvieron acceso al agua bebieron durante los primeros 20 segundos y empezaron a entrar en el comedero cuando terminaron de beber; mientras que la distribución de las entradas al comedero de las ratas sin acceso al agua fue similar a la distribución de la BIP. En el Capítulo 5 las ratas fueron expuestas a un procedimiento de bi-pico que combina elementos de IF, procedimiento de pico y tarea de bisección, con el objetivo de replicar y combinar los resultados encontrados en los capítulos previos. Las ratas aprendieron a discriminar entre dos palancas, una asociada a un IF corto (20 s) y la otra a un IF largo (80 s). Los ensayos se presentaban alternándose de forma aleatoria y no era señalados. Durante la fase de prueba las ratas recibieron ensayos de entrenamiento cortos y largos, y ensayos de pico no reforzados que duraban 150 s. Las ratas con acceso al agua desarrollaron un patrón que consistía en un pico de lametones, un pico de presiones a la palanca corta y un pico de presiones a la palanca larga; mientras que las ratas sin acceso al agua desarrollaron un pico de respuestas a la palanca corta y luego alternaron entre presionar las palancas corta y larga hasta el final del ensayo. Los resultados de esta tesis apoyan la hipótesis de que las conductas inducidas por programa y las conductas objetivo son inducidas y mantenidas por la entrega del reforzador, eliminando la necesidad de distinguir entre tipos de conducta (operante vs. inducida). Los reforzadores, entonces, tiene una triple función: seleccionar entre las conductas disponibles, mantenerlas como parte de un patrón conductual y desencadenar dicho patrón. En conclusión, la estimación temporal parece ser un producto del desarrollo de patrones secuenciales de conductas, moldeadas por el ambiente y delimitadas por parámetros temporales. Estos resultados contribuyen para entender las conductas inducidas por programa, en particular; y en general al área del Análisis Experimental de la Conducta. Los investigadores deben aspirar a entender la relación entre los organismos y su ambiente, más allá de la terminología empleada para describirlo. La estimación temporal es un término usado para referirse a conductas que ocurren en procedimientos definidos por parámetros temporales, y el investigador no debe olvidarse del organismo que se está comportando con el objetivo de explicar procesos que no son directamente observables, pues la conducta es, después de todo, el objeto de estudio del área del Análisis Experimental de la Conducta.
  • Miniatura
    Publicación
    Dynamic Interactions between Induction and Reinforcement in the Organization of Behavior
    (Springer Link, 2025-05-03) López Tolsa Gómez, Gabriela Eugenia; Pellón Suárez de Puga, Ricardo; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)
    Behavior is dynamic because it results from the interactions between organisms and their environment. Reinforcement is the primary mechanism for explaining behavior, and it has evolved in various ways, allowing for the explanation of different aspects of behavior acquisition and maintenance. The adequacy of reinforcement in explaining behavior acquisition has mostly been tested on target behaviors. However, a broader understanding of behavior requires accounting not only for target behaviors but for all behaviors in a given situation. This article presents several experiments showcasing schedule-induced behaviors to analyze the variables that determine which behaviors are acquired and how they are organized. First, the effects of both physical and contingency-based constraints on the organization of behavior are examined. Second, the role of competition and collaboration between behaviors in determining their distribution is discussed. Third, a dual effect of reinforcers on behavioral patterns is proposed. It is concluded that behaviors interact with one another and with environmental stimuli, and behavioral patterns are continuously induced, updated, and reinforced. Data in this article highlight the need to focus on the moment-to-moment updating of behavioral patterns to fully understand behavioral dynamics.
  • Miniatura
    Publicación
    The irrelevancy of the inter-trial interval on delay-discounting experiments on an animal model of ADHD
    (Elsevier, 2021-06-25) SjØberg, Espen .A.; Johansen, Espen Borgå; Ramos Villaverde, Sergio; López Tolsa Gómez, Gabriela Eugenia; Pellón Suárez de Puga, Ricardo
    Delay discounting involves choosing between a small, immediate reward, and a larger but delayed one. As the delay between choice and large reward gets longer, people with ADHD tend to become impulsive faster than controls, indicated by a switch in preference from the large to the smaller reward. Choosing the smaller reward when the larger is considered reward maximizing is labeled impulsive behaviour. It is well documented that increased delays between choice and reward affects choice preference in both humans and other animals. Other variables such as the inter-trial interval or trial length are observed to have an effect on human discounting, but their effect on discounting in other animals is largely assumed rather than tested. In the current experiment, we tested this assumption. One group of rats was exposed to increasing delays between choosing the large reward and receiving it, while another group experienced longer inter-trial intervals that were equal in length to the delays in the other group. This ensured that trial length was controlled for in delay discounting, but that the delay function and inter-trial intervals could be manipulated and measured separately. Results showed that while the delay between choice and reward caused impulsive behaviour in rats, the length of the inter-trial interval (and by extension trial length) had no impact on choice behaviour. A follow-up experiment found this to be the case even if the length of the inter-trial interval was signaled with audio cues. These results suggest that rats, and possibly animals in general, are insensitive to time between trials, and therefore cannot easily represent human counterparts on the task.
  • Miniatura
    Publicación
    Assessment of the “timing” function of schedule-induced behavior on fixed-interval performance.
    (American Psychological Association, 2021) López Tolsa Gómez, Gabriela Eugenia; Pellón Suárez de Puga, Ricardo
    It has been suggested that schedule-induced behaviors allow organisms to adapt better to temporal regularities of the environment. The main goal of the present study was to observe the effect of scheduleinduced drinking (SID) on the performance in fixed-interval (FI) schedules. Rats were exposed to a FI 15-, 30-, or 60-s food reinforcement schedule, and only half of them had access to water in the experimental chamber. Rats with access to water developed SID, which occurred in the first part of the interval, regardless of the FI value, and was followed by an increase in lever pressing rate. There were no substantial differences in the quantitative measures of timing between groups that had or did not have access to water, except for the rats in the FI 15-s group with access to water, who showed longer postreinforcement pauses, possibly attributable to competition between SID and lever pressing. SID did not manifest the scalar property, contrary to lever pressing, but it is proposed that behaviors are displayed serially until the last behavior before the target operant response becomes a discriminative stimulus for that behavior. It is not assumed that the purpose of schedule-induced behaviors is to aid timing, but the development of behavioral patterns might determine the performance of organisms on temporal tasks. Additionally, in some cases competition between responses might exert more control on when the operant behavior occurs than timing. Timing seems to consist in the temporal organization of available behaviors that leads to a specific behavior occurring at a specified time, a single characteristic that typically had come to indicate accurate timing.
  • Miniatura
    Publicación
    Uso de modelos matemáticos como parte del análisis de datos en psicología
    (Universidad nacional de Educación a Distancia, 2025-06-30) Ramos Solís, Sergio; López Tolsa Gómez, Gabriela Eugenia; Martínez Herrada, Antonio; Molinés Hurtado, Fernando Antonio; Palomino, Marlon; Pellón Suárez de Puga, Ricardo
    El uso de modelos matemáticos en psicología ha aumentado en los últimos años, tanto en la formulación teórica como en el análisis de datos. El uso de modelos cada vez más complejos, así como la falta de formación matemática en psicología, ha hecho que la brecha entre la investigación y la psicología aplicada crezca, dificultando el acceso a literatura experimental para quienes no están familiarizados con ellos. El objetivo de este artículo es familiarizar a quienes decidan leerlo con el uso de modelos matemáticos en psicología, abarcando desde su construcción hasta algunas posibles aplicaciones en el mundo real. Primero, se hace una introducción teórica sobre los modelos matemáticos, seguida de una descripción del proceso de construcción y ajuste de estos. Después, se presentan tres ejemplos de modelos matemáticos (descuento por demora, valor del reforzador, y ley de igualación temporalmente ponderada), y una guía breve para ajustar modelos utilizando Excel. Por último, se hace una reflexión sobre los retos que presentan, su aplicabilidad y su dirección a futuro.