Persona: González Boticario, Jesús
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González Boticario
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Publicación Should Conditional Self-Driving Cars Consider the State of the Human Inside the Vehicle?(ACM, 2021-06-22) Puertas Ramírez, David; Serrano Mamolar, Ana; Martín Gómez, David; González Boticario, JesúsAutonomous vehicles with conditional automation are said to be the next step in the development of self-driving cars. The human driver still performs a critical role in them, by taking over the control of the vehicle if prompted. As the technology is still facing pending challenges, the human drivers are also required to be able to detect and react in case of Autonomous Drive System (ADS) malfunctions. Within this context, in this work we argue that to assure safety during autonomous operation the user state should be measured all the time, which is intended to support a ”fallback ready state”. From an in-depth literature review, this article identifies the human factors involved in the aforementioned ”fallback ready state” that affect the personalization of human-vehicle interaction.Publicación Fusion of physiological signals for modeling driver awareness levels in conditional autonomous vehicles using semi-supervised learning(IEEE, 2024-10-11) Fernandez Matellan, Raul; Puertas Ramírez, David; Martín Gómez, David; González Boticario, JesúsThe evolution of autonomous vehicles (AVs) requires a paradigm shift towards the integration of human factors to improve safety and efficiency at levels 2,3 and 4 of automation. This paper presents a comparison of three different fusion technologies (Low-Level fusion, Medium-Level fusion, and a hybrid fusion), highlighting the critical role of multimodal data integration and semi-supervised learning in predicting and adapting to levels of driver awareness. Our approach uses semi-supervised learning to deal with the data labelling problem, using unlabelled data to train an autoencoder and sparsely labelled data to train a 4-state classifier. Our model facilitates the fusion of data from different physiological signals, including skin electrodermal activity, heart rate, body temperature and acceleration. Using real driving data, the Medium-Level fusion approach gives the best performance, achieving 84% accuracy in predicting situations where the user may not be aware enough to take control of the vehicle. This research highlights the essential nature of fusion technologies to create adaptive and user-centred AV systems.Publicación Comparison of physiological data acquisition for modeling of drivers in autonomous vehicles(Springer Nature, 2025-04-24) Fernandez Matellan, Raul; Puertas Ramírez, David; Martín Gómez, David; González Boticario, JesúsHumans can undergo rapid emotional changes and these changes can significantly affect their ability to perform tasks. Consequently, when we develop Human-Centred Symbiotic Artificial Intelligence (HCSAI) systems to support the interaction between autonomous systems and drivers, the intelligent system controlling the vehicle must adapt to the state of the user. This symbiotic relationship highlights the importance of collaboration and cooperation between humans and agents of artificial intelligence (AI). In the field of Autonomous Vehicles (AV), measurements must be made using non-invasive devices that do not interfere with the driving task. We have therefore used wristbands to measure physiological signals. This comparison is used to select the right equipment for setting up user modelling in different levels of autonomous vehicles. We compared the accuracy, precision and ease of use of three different wristbands: Fitbit Sense2, Empatica E4 and Emotibit. We tested the performance of the bands in two different driving scenarios: SAE Level 4 environment using autonomous golf carts (iCab), and a real-world SAE Level 2 driving environment in Scotland using a Toyota Prius equipped with Comma OpenPilot technology. The Fitbit Sense2 does not allow researchers to access raw data. The Emotibit and the Empatica E4 are designed for research, so they provide access to raw data, while the Empatica E4 is easier to use than the Emotibit. The comparison calls for the development of open source codes that will facilitate integration with different operating systems and other devices, as well as an easy way to use the devices in real time.Publicación Stakeholder Perspectives on the Ethics of AI in Distance-Based Higher Education(Athabasca University, 2023) Holmes, Wayne; Iniesto, Francisco; Anastopoulou, Stamatina; González Boticario, Jesús; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8352-1594; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3946-3056; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2550-2237Increasingly, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having an impact on distance-based higher education, where it is revealing multiple ethical issues. However, to date, there has been limited research addressing the perspectives of key stakeholders about these developments. The study presented in this paper sought to address this gap by investigating the perspectives of three key groups of stakeholders in distance-based higher education: students, teachers, and institutions. Empirical data collected in two workshops and a survey helped identify what concerns these stakeholders had about the ethics of AI in distance-based higher education. A theoretical framework for the ethics of AI in education was used to analyse that data and helped identify what was missing. In this exploratory study, there was no attempt to prioritise issues as more, or less, important. Instead, the value of the study reported in this paper derives from (a) the breadth and detail of the issues that have been identified, and (b) their categorisation in a unifying framework. Together these provide a foundation for future research and may also usefully inform future institutional implementation and practice.Publicación An Intra-Subject Approach Based on the Application of HMM to Predict Concentration in Educational Contexts from Nonintrusive Physiological Signals in Real-World Situations(MDPI, 2021-03-04) Serrano Mamolar, Ana; Arevalillo Herráez, Miguel; Chicote Huete, Guillermo; González Boticario, Jesús; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0027-7128; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0350-2079; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7736-5572Previous research has proven the strong influence of emotions on student engagement and motivation. Therefore, emotion recognition is becoming very relevant in educational scenarios, but there is no standard method for predicting students’ affects. However, physiological signals have been widely used in educational contexts. Some physiological signals have shown a high accuracy in detecting emotions because they reflect spontaneous affect-related information, which is fresh and does not require additional control or interpretation. Most proposed works use measuring equipment for which applicability in real-world scenarios is limited because of its high cost and intrusiveness. To tackle this problem, in this work, we analyse the feasibility of developing low-cost and nonintrusive devices to obtain a high detection accuracy from easy-to-capture signals. By using both inter-subject and intra-subject models, we present an experimental study that aims to explore the potential application of Hidden Markov Models (HMM) to predict the concentration state from 4 commonly used physiological signals, namely heart rate, breath rate, skin conductance and skin temperature. We also study the effect of combining these four signals and analyse their potential use in an educational context in terms of intrusiveness, cost and accuracy. The results show that a high accuracy can be achieved with three of the signals when using HMM-based intra-subject models. However, inter-subject models, which are meant to obtain subject-independent approaches for affect detection, fail at the same task.