Persona: Vázquez Botana, Alexandra
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alx.vazquez@psi.uned.es
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0000-0002-6040-9102
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Vázquez Botana
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Alexandra
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Publicación From self-verification to identity fusion : consequences of identity verification on intergroup relations(Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Psicología. Departamento de Psicología Social y de las Organizaciones, 2012-02-10) Vázquez Botana, Alexandra; Gómez Jiménez, ÁngelEl motivo de autoverificación está notablemente consolidado en el nivel individual, sin embargo, pocas investigaciones han abordado su influencia en el nivel grupal. La presente investigación analizó el efecto de la verificación de la identidad endogrupal sobre las relaciones intergrupales. En un primer bloque de estudios se examinaron los antecedentes de la verificación de la identidad endogrupal: metaestereotipos. Los resultados mostraron que el efecto del meta-estereotipo sobre el deseo de contacto con miembros del exogrupo estaba moderado por el estatus del exogrupo en relación con el endogrupo y mediado por la verificación de la identidad endogrupal en los casos de exogrupos de estatus similar e inferior al del endogrupo. En el segundo bloque de estudios se estudiaron las consecuencias de la verificación de la identidad endogrupal sobre las relaciones intergrupales y se comparó la eficacia de esta estrategia con la del ensalzamiento. Los resultados mostraron que en condiciones no amenazantes, la verificación de los aspectos negativos de la identidad endogrupal mejoró la evaluación de los miembros del exogrupo y aumentó la donación dirigida a ese grupo. Por el contrario, en condiciones de amenaza, el ensalzamiento fue la estrategia más efectiva para mejorar las relaciones intergrupales. El tercer bloque de estudios analizó las consecuencias de la verificación de la identidad personal sobre la fusión de identidad (Gómez et al., 2011). Los resultados mostraron una gran estabilidad de la fusión frente a tres manipulaciones diferentes centradas en el auto-concepto. Únicamente, los factores contextuales fueron capaces de modificar los niveles de fusión. Concluimos que la verificación de la identidad endogrupal, incluso siendo ésta negativa, puede emplearse como estrategia para la mejora de las relaciones intergrupales, si bien, es preciso tener en cuenta el grado de amenaza que representa el exogrupo.Publicación Threat Enhances Aggressive Inclinations Among Devoted Actors Via Increase in Their Relative Physical Formidability(Sage Journals, 2020-03-12) Vázquez Botana, Alexandra; López-Rodríguez, Lucía; Gómez Jiménez, Ángel; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)Devoted actors—those who share sacred values with a group with which they are fused—are particularly willing to self-sacrifice to defend their group or values when they are threatened. Here, we explore whether they are also prone to aggressive inclinations toward those who endanger their group or convictions. To that end, we examined the effect of threat and the two components of the devoted actor framework—identity fusion and sacred values—on aggressive inclinations. These inclinations were registered with a videogame that allowed participants to destroy ingroup and outgroup symbols. Two experiments indicated that devoted actors reacted to threats to their ingroup and value by increasing aggressive inclinations against the rival group. This effect was apparently mediated by the perceived physical strength of the ingroup versus foes. Results suggest that devoted actors might be more prone to self-sacrifice, but also to attack those who threaten their group or values.Publicación Resúmenes de Psicología Social (Criminología)(2024) Vázquez Botana, AlexandraPublicación Prejudice against members of a ridiculed working-class group(Wiley, 2020-03-09) Vázquez Botana, Alexandra; Lois García, DavidIn five experiments, we examined the stereotypes, emotions, and behavioural intentions associated with a Spanish working-class group, known as chonis. We described a student (Experiments 1–3) or job candidate (Experiments 4–5) and presented participants with a picture showing a woman characterized either as choni or posh (an upper-class group, Experiments 2–4) or with no picture (Experiments 1, 3–5). Depending on the condition, explicit information about her high social class (Experiment 1), performance (Experiment 3), or category (Experiment 5) was provided. Participants evaluated the candidate more negatively, felt less admiration, and were less willing to interact with her or to recommend her for a job when she was categorized as choni as compared to the other categories. These effects disappeared if the student/candidate had high socioeconomic status or performed excellently in the academic domain, but they were magnified for highly (vs. weakly) materialistic individuals. Class prejudice apparently has harmful effects on disadvantaged individuals, but can be mitigated by explicit information.Publicación How identity fusion predicts extreme pro-group orientations: A meta-analysis(Taylor & Francis Group, 2023-03-29) Hustad Varmann, Anders; Kruse, Line; Bierwiaczonek, Kinga; Gómez, Ángel; Vázquez Botana, Alexandra; R. Kunst, JonasResearchers have productively tested identity fusion theory, aiming to explain extreme pro-group orientations. However, the strength of effects, types of measurements, and study contexts have varied substantially. This first meta-analysis (90 studies from 55 reports, 106 effects, N = 36,880) supported four main conclusions based on the available literature: (1) identity fusion has a strong and positive but very heterogeneous relationship with extreme pro-group orientations; (2) its effect is significantly stronger than that of social identification; however, some evidence suggests that this difference is primarily observed in published rather than unpublished studies; (3) the verbal identity fusion scale has the best explanatory power; (4) identity fusion is most strongly associated with extreme collective action, followed by a willingness to sacrifice oneself, fight or die for the group, and outgroup hostility. We discuss the findings’ implication for identity fusion theory. Based on the literature’s limitations, we highlight avenues for future research.Publicación Transcultural pathways to the will to fight(National Academy of Sciences, 2023-06-06) Gómez Jiménez, Ángel; Vázquez Botana, Alexandra; Atran, ScottThe ‘Will to Fight Act’ was amended to the nation's annual defense bill (FY2023 NDAA) urging attention to assessing will to fight, after debate acknowledging that current evaluation efforts within the political and military establishment remain contentious, fragmented, and meager. This likely will persist, along with attendant policy failures and grievous costs, without awareness of research that the social and psychological sciences reveal on the will to fight [S. Atran, Science 373, 1063 (2021)]. We illustrate such research using converging data from a multimethod and multicultural approach, including field and online studies from the Middle East, North Africa, and Europe. These studies reveal specific psychosocial pathways, within a general causal framework, that predict willingness to make costly sacrifices, including to cooperate, fight, and die in war and sustained conflict. From the continuing strife in Iraq to embattled Ukraine, 31 studies were conducted in 9 countries with nearly 12,000 participants. These include people in longstanding conflicts, refugees, imprisoned jihadists and gangs, US military, studies in Ukraine before and during the current war, and rolling studies with a European ally of Ukraine. Results provide evidence for a mediation model of transcultural pathways to the will to fight. Building on our previous behavioral and brain research, on the battlefield in Iraq, with violent extremists, and with US military, the linear mediation yielding the will to fight involves identity fusion, perceived spiritual formidability, and trust. The model, a variation on “The Devoted Actor Framework,” applies to primary reference groups, core cultural values, and leaders.Publicación Strongly fused individuals feel viscerally responsible to self-sacrifice(The British Psychological Society, 2022-10) Chinchilla Calero, Juana Francisca; Vázquez Botana, Alexandra; Gómez Jiménez, ÁngelIdentity fusion is a visceral feeling of oneness that predicts extreme behaviour on behalf of the target of fusion. We propose that strongly fused individuals are characterized by feelings of visceral responsibility towards such target – unconditional, instinctive, and impulsive drive to care, protect and promote its well-being and interests – that motivates them to self-sacrifice. Two studies offered initial support when the target of fusion is an individual or a group (Studies 1a-1b). A final study added causal evidence that strongly fused learning that most ingroup members did not feel visceral responsibility towards the group expressed less willingness to self-sacrifice than those learning that ingroup members display high levels of visceral responsibility (Study 2). These findings offer novel evidence for the mechanisms underlying the effects of fusion on extreme behaviour on behalf of the target of fusion and the attenuation of its consequences.Publicación Spiritual over physical formidability determines willingness to fight and sacrifice through loyalty in cross-cultural populations(PNAS, 2022-02-07) Tossella, Chad C.; Gómez Jiménez, Ángel; De Visser, Ewart J.; Vázquez Botana, Alexandra; Donadio, Bianca T.; Metcalfe, Amanda; Rogan, Charles; Davis, Richard; Atran, Scott; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)Across 11 studies involving six countries from four continents (n =3,285), we extend insights from field investigations in conflict zones to offline and online surveys to show that personal spiritual formidability—the conviction and immaterial resources (values, strengths of beliefs, character) of a person to fight—is positively associated with the will to fight and sacrifice for others. The physical formidability of groups in conflict has long been promoted as the primary factor in human decisions to fight or flee in times of conflict. Here, studies in Spain, Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine, and Morocco reveal that personal spiritual formidability, a construct distinct from religiosity, is more strongly associated with the willingness to fight and make costly self-sacrifices for the group than physical formidability. A follow-on study among cadets of the US Air Force Academy further indicates that this effect is mediated by a stronger loyalty to the group, a finding replicated in a separate study with a European sample. The results demonstrate that personal spiritual formidability is a primary determinant of the will to fight across cultures, and this individual-level factor, propelled by loyal bonds made with others, disposes citizens and combatants to fight at great personal risk.Publicación The role of subjective socioeconomic status in predicting academic performance: exploring the mediating influence of sense of belonging among students in a distance learning university(Cambridge University Press, 2024-03-07) Vázquez Botana, Alexandra; Alba Langreo, Beatriz; Lois García, David; García Ael, Mª Cristina; Bustillos López, AntonioBuilding upon existing research conducted in face-to-face universities, our research explored whether, in the context of a distance learning institution, the positive association between subjective socioeconomic status and academic performance can be explained by students’ sense of belonging. To that end, we conducted a three-wave correlational study with 2,261 students enrolled in Social Psychology in a distance learning university. At the start of the academic year, we measured participants’subjective socioeconomic status relative to other students alongside their initial expectations in terms of time investment and grades and other relevant covariates. Midway through the course, we assessed their sense of belonging to the university and, at the end, we recorded their grades. Results suggested that sense of belonging potentially serves as a mediating factor in the positive relationship between subjective socioeconomic status and grades even after accounting for variables like initial grade expectations, time commitment, gender, age, and employment situation. These findings emphasize the pivotal role of students’ psychological connection to the university in shaping their academic achievement, even within the expanding landscape of distance education.Publicación Why is it so difficult to investigate violent radicalization?(Cambridge University Press, 2023-05-01) Gómez Jiménez, Ángel; Vázquez Botana, Alexandra; Chinchilla Calero, Juana Francisca; Blanco, Laura; Alba Langreo, Beatriz; Chiclana de la Fuente, Sandra; González Álvarez, José Luis; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9407-4929; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8314-6827Imagine that you are a researcher interested in disentangling the underlying mechanisms that motivate certain individuals to self-sacrifice for a group or an ideology. Now, visualize that you are one of a few privileged that have the possibility of interviewing people who have been involved in some of the most dramatic terrorist attacks in history. What should you do? Most investigations focused on terrorism do not include empirical data and just a handful of fortunate have made face-to-face interviews with these individuals. Therefore, we might conclude that most experts in the field have not directly met the challenge of experiencing studying violent radicalization in person. As members of a research team who have talked with individuals under risk of radicalization, current, and former terrorists, our main goal with this manuscript is to synopsize a series of ten potential barriers that those interested in the subject might find when making fieldwork, and alternatives to solve them. If all the efforts made by investigators could save the life of a potential victim, prevent an individual from becoming radicalized, or make him/her decide to abandon the violence associated with terrorism, all our work will have been worthwhile.