Persona:
Villena Escribano, Blasa María

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mvillena@ind.uned.es
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Villena Escribano
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Blasa María
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2024 - 20267
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Autor: González Gaya, Cristina ×

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Mostrando 1 - 7 de 7
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    Publicación
    Investigating the effectiveness of a new indoor ventilation model in reducing the spread of disease: A case of sports centres amid the COVID-19 pandemic
    (Elsevier, 2024) Ballesteros Álvarez, Jesus Manuel ; Rodríguez Sáiz, Ángel; González Gaya, Cristina; Villena Escribano, Blasa María; Romero Barriuso, Álvaro
    The ventilation of buildings is crucial to ensure indoor health, especially when demanding physical activities are carried out indoors, and the pandemic has highlighted the need to develop new management methods to ensure adequate ventilation. In Spain, there are no specific ventilation regulations to prevent the spread of pathogens such as the coronavirus. Therefore, it is necessary to have a theoretical tool for calculating occupancy to maintain sports facilities in optimal safety conditions. The proposed theoretical method is based on the analysis of mathematical expressions from European standardisation documents and uses the concentration of CO2 as a bioeffluent. It is also based on the concept of background and critical concentration, which allows its application to be extrapolated to future crises caused by pathogens. This study presents a unique and novel dataset for sports centres. For this purpose, the calculation methods were applied to the data set provided by Mostoles City Council, Spain, during the pandemic years with the highest incidence of COVID-19, when the government introduced the assimilation of COVID-19 sick leave to occupational accidents. The data on this type of sick leave provided by the City Council correspond to the period between March 2020 and February 2022. Similarly, the data on the average use of sports facilities by activity, provided by the Sports Department, correspond to the years 2020 and 2021. In this way, it was possible to verify the effectiveness in preventing the spread of any type of coronavirus. In conclusion, the implementation of a theoretical occupancy calculation method based onJournal Pre-proof 2 | 35 the concentration of carbon dioxide as a bioeffluent can be an effective tool for the management of future crises caused by pathogens or hazardous chemicals in the air, and demonstrated its effectiveness in sports centres such as gyms, sports fields, and indoor swimming pools during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Miniatura
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    Analysis of occupational accidents in the construction metal products manufacturing subsector in Spain: Trends and risk factors
    (Springer, 2025-11-03) Fuentes Bargues, José Luis; Sánchez Lite, Alberto; Geijo Barrientos, José Manuel; Romero Barriuso, Álvaro; Villena Escribano, Blasa María; González Gaya, Cristina
    Research on work accidents is important to determine the causes of occupational accidents to effectively prevent them in the future and improve workplace safety. This study aims to analyse the evolution of accidents in the metal products manufacturing subsector for construction (CNAE subsector 251) in Spain for the period 2009–2022 to classify accidents into different operational profiles. This will facilitate the proposal of specific preventive measures based on the severity and characteristics of each accident. Data for this study are collected from occupational accident reports via the Delt@ (Electronic declaration of injured workers) IT system. The study variables were classified into five groups: temporal, personal, business, circumstances, and consequences. Accidents at work are more common in males and in middle-aged workers (30–59 years). Companies with less than five workers, works outside the usual workplace and workers with less three months of length of the service in the company present high accident rate, both in light as fatal accidents. A semi-supervised model has been developed using the Fuzzy Cluster algorithm that can detect serious accidents with a recall rate of approximately 64% and group them into three distinct categories. This makes it possible to propose specific preventive measures for each category, of which there are 12 in total.
  • Miniatura
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    Enhancing Indoor Air Quality Through Natural Ventilation: Insights from a Municipal Building in Mostoles, Spain
    (Publicaciones DYNA, 2025-07-04) Ballesteros Álvarez, Jesús Manuel; Villena Escribano, Blasa María; Rodríguez Saiz, Ángel; González Gaya, Cristina; Romero Barriuso, Álvaro
    This study evaluates the effectiveness of natural ventilation in enhancing indoor air quality within the Almudena Grandes Central Library, a municipal building in Mostoles, Spain. Triggered by the public health challenges highlighted during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the research develops a methodological framework that integrates CO2 monitoring, occupancy modeling, and airflow calculations to assess air renewal capacities under natural ventilation conditions. The analysis reveals that cross ventilation is the only strategy capable of achieving IDA 2 air quality standards in high-occupancy areas, requiring at least five air changes per hour. Zenithal openings, such as roof ventilators, significantly enhance airflow during colder months with strong indoor-outdoor thermal differentials, even when external wind is minimal—a frequent scenario in continental Spanish climates. The study also explores buoyancy and wind-driven ventilation mechanisms and quantifies their respective contributions using empirical models. Results suggest that the library can maintain acceptable air quality for up to 310 users with sufficient cross-ventilation measures. However, single-sided ventilation proves inadequate. The proposed model supports dynamic capacity management and energy efficiency by integrating real-time environmental data. The authors highlight the potential of automating ventilation systems via domotics for continuous air quality monitoring and optimization. Limitations include the variability of outdoor conditions and the need for future validation using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and additional case studies. Overall, the findings emphasize architectural strategies as pivotal in promoting healthier, energy-efficient indoor environments in public infrastructure.
  • Miniatura
    Publicación
    Safety Conditions in Battery Rooms for Renewable Energy Systems: Dimensioning, Ventilation, and Classification of ATEX Areas
    (Springer, Cham, 2024-11-26) Ballesteros Álvarez, José Manuel; Villena Escribano, Blasa María; Rodríguez Sáiz, Ángel; González Gaya, Cristina; Romero Barriuso, Álvaro
    This chapter analyzes the safety conditions in battery rooms for renewable energy installations, focusing on sizing, ventilation, and classification according to the ATEX directive. For this purpose, the applicable European regulations are used as a reference to determine the classified areas according to fire and explosion risks, as well as the required safety distance and ventilation. An example application for a 24-V lead-acid battery is presented. The chapter also discusses safety measures for battery rooms that produce hydrogen and oxygen during the charging process, with reference to the technical reference specifications for determining the required hazard distance and ventilation openings. Graphical results are provided for the different battery types and voltages analyzed. Finally, it is concluded that the measures established by the new European application standard need to be adapted to comply with current legislation.
  • Miniatura
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    Estimating Maximum Dwell Time for Firefighting Teams Based on Ambient Temperature and Radiant Heat Exposure
    (MDPI, 2025-02-25) Ballesteros Álvarez, Jesus Manuel; Villena Escribano, Blasa María; Fuentes Bargues, José Luis; González Gaya, Cristina; Romero Barriuso, Álvaro
    This research presents a scientifically grounded model designed to enhance the safety protocols for firefighting teams during fire intervention scenarios. The model estimates the maximum allowable exposure duration based on ambient temperature and radiant heat, employing data captured by thermal imaging cameras, which provide real-time measurements of infrared radiation emitted by fire-affected zones. Utilising the Stefan–Boltzmann law to quantify radiative heat transfer and Probit vulnerability analysis to assess thermal risk, critical temperature thresholds and corresponding exposure durations were determined. The results indicate that the maximum permissible ambient temperature for firefighting interventions is 263 °C, with a safe exposure duration of 26 s under these thermal conditions. This approach underscores the significance of ambient temperature as a pivotal parameter in risk assessment and intervention strategy development. Furthermore, the model’s applicability extends to other high-risk environments, including industrial operations, providing a robust and versatile framework for safety management. These findings contribute to advancing evidence-based protocols that mitigate injury risks, safeguard firefighting personnel, and optimise operational decision-making during emergencies.
  • Miniatura
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    Occupancy and Air Quality Model for Outdoor Events: A Strategy for Preventing Disease Transmission at Mass Events
    (MDPI, 2025-02-25) Ballesteros Álvarez, Jesus Manuel; Villena Escribano, Blasa María; Rodríguez Sáiz, Ángel; González Gaya, Cristina; Romero Barriuso, Álvaro
    This paper proposes a novel model to determine occupancy density for outdoor events to prevent infectious disease transmission caused by the impossibility of proper dilution of human effluents in the atmosphere. It uses standardization processes to calculate natural ventilation air renewal and establishes theoretical occupancy based on activity and exhaled air percentage, aiming for indoor air quality comparable to the IDA2 standards. The study focuses on mass events in Mostoles (Spain), analyzing street activities and bullring events. It found that above a certain height in the open air, infection risk is low, eliminating capacity limitations. The resulting mathematical expressions can be adapted to different pathogens, ensuring the quality of indoor air conditions through capacity control. The process determines the ventilation required based on physical activity, considering both unrestricted and restricted situations. The relationship between required and available ventilation prevents disease transmission. The method’s effectiveness is demonstrated through comparisons between estimates and environmental measurements during Mostoles events. The maximum outdoor occupancy at ground level to achieve air quality comparable to the IDA2 standards is determined to be 2.36 persons/m2, while to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 it is determined to be 1.98 persons/m2. In addition, transmission will not occur during mass gatherings in locations over five meters above ground level. In conclusion, this model provides an adaptable tool to prevent the spread of infectious diseases at outdoor events by ensuring adequate air quality through occupancy control.
  • Miniatura
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    Resiliencia en llamas. Repensando la Seguridad frente a los Incendios Forestales en el marco de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible
    (Servicio de Publicaciones e Imagen Institucional. Universidad de Burgos, 2026-04-06) Romero Barriuso, Álvaro; Rubio Rivas, Eduardo; Villena Escribano, Blasa María; Valle Maquinay, David del; González Gaya, Cristina
    El libro analiza los incendios forestales (IIFF) como emergencias multirriesgo con efectos directos en la seguridad y la salud, y propone usar la Agenda 2030 y sus Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) como marco operativo para pasar de la reacción a la gestión del riesgo y la prevención. Presenta evidencias de la magnitud del problema, más de 700 fallecidos en Europa entre 2000 y 2018, y una tendencia a incendios más extensos e intensos impulsados por el cambio climático. Pide priorizar resiliencia, anticipación y cooperación internacional. El texto actualiza conceptos. Describe la transición desde el “gran incendio” por superficie a categorías que consideran intensidad, velocidad y simultaneidad, con incendios capaces de generar pirocúmulos y comportamientos erráticos. Identifica umbrales de intensidad que delimitan la eficacia y seguridad de la extinción, 2000 kW/m para ataque terrestre, 4000 kW/m con apoyo aéreo, ausencia de eficacia por encima de 10000 kW/m. Documenta valores extremos en Pedrógão Grande en 2017, 20000 a 60000 kW/m y 65 m/min de propagación. Expone dos vectores críticos para la salud pública. Primero, la contaminación atmosférica asociada a los humos, especialmente PM2,5, que se desplaza a largas distancias y se asocia a incrementos de morbilidad y mortalidad respiratoria y cardiovascular, con episodios que han alcanzado 700 a 1800 µg/m³ en distintos países. Reclama más investigación en Europa y protección específica de los intervinientes. Segundo, la expansión de la interfaz urbano forestal incrementa evacuaciones, atrapamientos y daños en infraestructuras. En 2022 se evacuaron más de 30000 personas en España por IIFF, con múltiples heridos y fallecidos, dentro de un patrón que también se observa en Australia, Estados Unidos, Portugal y Grecia. El marco de acción propuesto se alinea con los ODS y el Marco de Sendai. ODS 13 orienta medidas contra el cambio climático que agrava frecuencia y comportamiento del fuego. ODS 3 y 6 implican mitigar contaminación del aire y del agua tras incendios. ODS 11 impulsa planificación urbana, ordenación del territorio y adaptación de construcciones en IUF. ODS 15 promueve gestión forestal preventiva. ODS 17 exige alianzas, interoperabilidad y estándares de gestión de emergencias. El libro prioriza cuatro líneas estratégicas. Diseñar una estrategia global que integre clima y salud pública, con inversión sostenida y evaluación por indicadores. Reforzar la gestión integral de emergencias, con sistemas de mando estandarizados y modulares interoperables con Incident Command System (ICS) y Gestion Opérationelle et Commandement (GOC), y un uso eficaz del Mecanismo Europeo de Protección Civil. Desarrollar conocimiento y tecnología aplicada, IA y realidad virtual para planificación y entrenamiento, además de drones, robots y radiosondeos para apoyo táctico. Avanzar hacia la resiliencia mediante reequilibrio del gasto hacia prevención y manejo del combustible, educación y autoprotección, y participación comunitaria que fije población rural y reduzca vulnerabilidades locales