Examinando por Autor "Moya, Miguel"

Mostrando 1 - 13 de 13
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    Animalizing the disadvantaged, mechanizing the wealthy: The convergence of socio-economic status and attribution of humanity
    (Wiley Online Library, 2019) Martínez, Rocío; Moya, Miguel; Rodríguez Bailón, Rosa; Sainz Martínez, Mario
    Differences between groups in socio-economic status (SES) are becoming more salient nowadays. In this context, we examined the animalistic and mechanistic dehumanization that both low and high-SES groups may experience respectively by conducting three studies. In study 1, we manipulated the SES of two fictitious groups (low vs. high-SES) and measured the humanity ascribed to them. Results showed that the low-SES group was animalized in comparison with the high-SES group, which was mechanized. In study 2, we manipulated the humanity of two fictitious groups by describing them as animals or machines and measured the perceived SES of the groups. Participants tended to attribute lower SES to the group described as animals and higher SES to the group described as machines. Finally, in study 3, we used an Implicit Association Test to replicate the results of studies 1 and 2. Taken together, these studies showthat low-SES groups are considered as animal-like whereas high-SES groups are seen as robot-like.We discuss the implications of these findings in relation to the justification of income inequality within our society.
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    Dehumanization of Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Groups Decreases Support for Welfare Policies via Perceived Wastefulness
    (ADRIPS, 2020) Loughnan, Steve; Martínez, Rocío; Moya, Miguel; Rodríguez Bailón, Rosa; Sainz Martínez, Mario
    Low-socioeconomic status (SES) groups are sometimes depicted as money wasters who live on welfare. Previous research has also found that low-SES groups are also animalized. We expand previous findings (Sainz et al., 2019) by examining the consequences that animalization has on support for social welfare policies (e.g., unemployment, housing) and governmental control of low-SES groups’ spending. We explored the mediating role of perceived wastefulness (i.e., the perception that low-SES people lack the ability to properly administer their budget) in the relationships between animalization and support for welfare policies and governmental control measures. In three correlation studies, 1a to 1c, we examined the relationships between these variables in three countries: The United Kingdom, the United States, and Spain. From our results, animalizing low-SES groups seem to negatively predict support for public policies and positively predict support for governmental control via the perception that low-SES people are unable to manage their finances. Finally, in two experimental studies, 2a and 2b, we directly manipulated the humanness of a low-SES group (animalized vs. humanized) and measured its effects on perceptions of the group’s wastefulness, support for social welfare policies, and support for governmental control over the group’s expenses. Results indicated that animalizing low-SES groups reduced support for social welfare by activating the impression that low-SES people are poor financial managers (Study 2a), but also that animalizing low-SES groups increased support for governmental control via perceived wastefulness (Studies 2a–b). We discuss the role of animalization in denying aid to those in need.
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    Economic inequality and masculinity–femininity: The prevailing perceived traits in higher unequal contexts are masculine.
    (2019) Willis, Guillermo B.; Moya, Miguel; Moreno Bella, Eva
    Previous studies have shown that economic inequality influences psychological processes. In this article, we argue that economic inequality also makes masculine attributes more prototypical. In Study 1 (N = 106), using an experimental design, we showed that individuals belonging to a society characterized by a higher level of economic inequality are perceived as more masculine than feminine. Study 2 (N = 75) shows, also experimentally, that the upper social class is perceived mostly in terms of masculine traits, and that this effect is greater when economic inequality is relatively high. Conversely, the lower social class is more clearly perceived in terms of feminine traits. These results inform our understanding of the impact of economic inequality on social perception.
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    Economic Inequality Shapes Gender Stereotypes
    (SAGE Publications, 2023-08) Willis, Guillermo B.; Quiroga Garza, Angélica; Moya, Miguel; Moreno Bella, Eva
    Economic inequality is a main issue in current societies and it affects people’s psychological processes. In this research, we propose that perceived economic inequality might affect how people perceive men and women. In two experiments carried out in Spain (N = 170) and Mexico (N = 215), we tested whether high (vs. low) economic inequality leads to changes in the perceived agency and communion of both men and women. Our findings suggest that when economic inequality is high (vs. low), the communal content in social perceptions of both men and women decreases. Specifically, under high (vs. low) inequality, the difference in agency and communion ascribed to a man becomes greater (i.e., men are perceived as even more agentic than communal), whereas this difference becomes smaller for women (i.e., women are still perceived as more communal than agentic, but this difference is smaller). We discuss these findings’ implications regarding the psychosocial effects of economic inequality.
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    Lacking socio-economic status reduces subjective well-being through perceptions of meta-dehumanization
    (The British Psychological Society, 2021) Martínez, Rocío; Moya, Miguel; Rodríguez Bailón, Rosa; Vaes, Jeroen; Sainz Martínez, Mario
    Previous research has identified that both low- and high-socio-economic groups tend to be dehumanized. However, groups that have a deprived position are more willing to interiorize the negative perceptions that others have about them compared with affluent groups. In this project, we address the role of meta-(de)humanization (the perceived humanity one thinks is ascribed or denied to one’s group) based on socio-economic status differences and its influence in the perceived psychological well-being.Weconducted two studies: In Study 1 (correlational, N = 990), we analysed the relationship between socioeconomic status, meta-dehumanization, and well-being. Results indicated that lower socio-economic status positively predicted more meta-dehumanization and worse wellbeing. Moreover, meta-dehumanization mediated the relationship between socioeconomic status and well-being. In Study 2 (experimental, N = 354), we manipulated socio-economic status (low-, middle-, and high-socio-economic status conditions) to evaluate its influence on meta-dehumanization and well-being. Results indicated that individuals of low (vs. higher)-socio-economic status perceived more meta-dehumanization and reported worse well-being. Finally, a multicategorical mediational analysis indicated that low (vs. middle or high)-socio-economic status led to worse well-being through higher perceived meta-dehumanization. We discuss differences in perceived meta-(de)humanization based on groups’ socio-economic status and implications on the population’s well-being.
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    Less human, more to blame: Animalizing poor people increases blame and decreases support for wealth redistribution
    (Sage Journals Home, 2020) Martínez, Rocío; Sutton, Robbie M.; Rodríguez Bailón, Rosa; Moya, Miguel; Sainz Martínez, Mario
    Increasing economic inequality adversely affects groups with low socioeconomic status (low-SES). However, many people are opposed to wealth redistribution policies. In this context, we examined whether dehumanization of low-SES groups has a role in this opposition. In the first study (N = 303), opposition to wealth redistribution was related to denying human uniqueness (e.g., intelligence and rationality) and having negative attitudes toward low-SES groups, more than denying human nature (e.g., emotionality and capacity to suffer) to low-SES groups. Mediation analyses indicated that this effect occurred via blaming low-SES groups for their plight, after controlling for participants’ SES and negative attitudes towards low-SES groups. In the second study (N = 220), manipulating the human uniqueness of a fictitious low-SES group affected support for wealth redistribution measures through blame. These results indicate that animalizing low-SES groups reduces support for wealth redistribution via blaming low-SES groups for their situation.
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    Perceived economic inequality enlarges the perceived humanity gap between low- and high- socioeconomic status groups
    (Taylor & Francis, 2022-12-22) Martínez, Rocío; Matamoros Lima, Juan A.; Moya, Miguel; Rodríguez Bailón, Rosa; Sainz Martínez, Mario
    In this paper, we analyze the influence of the perceived level of economic inequality in daily life on people’s recognition of the perceived humanity gap between low- and high-socioeconomic groups within society. To achieve this purpose, in Studies 1A–B, we analyzed the relationship between economic inequality and the humanity gap. In Studies 2A–B, we manipulated the level of inequality (low vs. high) to identify differences in the humanity gap. Results indicated that higher perceptions of economic inequality lead individuals to recognize a wider humanity gap between low- and highsocioeconomic groups in society. Implications are discussed.
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    Sexisme, masculinité-féminité et facteurs culturels
    (Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 2005) Moya, Miguel; Poeschl, Gabrielle; Glick, Peter; Páez Rovira, Darío; Fernández Sedano, Iciar
    Ce travail analyse la relation, sur le plan transculturel, entre l’idéologie de genre (ou sexisme) et la perception de soi en termes de masculinité/féminité, les dimensions culturelles proposées par Hofstede (individualisme-collecti- visme, masculinité-féminité, distance au pouvoir et réduction de l’incertitude), l’Indicateur de Développement Humain, et d’autres indices nationaux en relation avec la socialisation, les droits humains et les caractéristiques de la famille. Les niveaux de sexisme des 20 pays étudiés par Glick et collaborateurs (2000) et les indices de masculinité et de féminité des 29 pays étudiés par Fernández (2001) ont été utilisés, ainsi que les indices culturels mentionnés, qui ont été obtenus pour tous ces pays. Les résultats confirment la validité transculturelle de la conception de sexisme ambivalent (croyances qui justifient les inégalités entre hommes et femmes). Ils montrent sa relation avec un faible niveau de développement humain, de faibles scores en féminité (chez les hommes et chez les femmes), un plus grand collectivisme, une plus grande distance au pouvoir, un moindre respect des droits civils, un taux de fertilité plus élevé chez les femmes adultes, et une plus grande importance donnée à l’éducation aux valeurs des bonnes manières, de la religiosité et de l’obéissance.
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    Sexisme, masculinité-féminité et facteurs culturels
    (Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 2005) Moya, Miguel; Poeschl, Gabrielle; Glick, Peter; Páez, Darío; Fernández Sedano, Iciar
    Ce travail analyse la relation, sur le plan transculturel, entre l’idéologie de genre (ou sexisme) et la perception de soi en termes de masculinité/féminité, les dimensions culturelles proposées par Hofstede (individualisme-collecti- visme, masculinité-féminité, distance au pouvoir et réduction de l’incertitude), l’Indicateur de Développement Humain, et d’autres indices nationaux en relation avec la socialisation, les droits humains et les caractéristiques de la famille. Les niveaux de sexisme des 20 pays étudiés par Glick et collaborateurs (2000) et les indices de masculinité et de féminité des 29 pays étudiés par Fernández (2001) ont été utilisés, ainsi que les indices culturels mentionnés, qui ont été obtenus pour tous ces pays. Les résultats confirment la validité transculturelle de la conception de sexisme ambivalent (croyances qui justifient les inégalités entre hommes et femmes). Ils montrent sa relation avec un faible niveau de développement humain, de faibles scores en féminité (chez les hommes et chez les femmes), un plus grand collectivisme, une plus grande distance au pouvoir, un moindre respect des droits civils, un taux de fertilité plus élevé chez les femmes adultes, et une plus grande importance donnée à l’éducation aux valeurs des bonnes manières, de la religiosité et de l’obéissance.
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    Upholding the Social Hierarchy: Agency as a Predictor of the Ideal Level of Economic Inequality
    (Hogrefe, 2024) Willis, Guillermo B.; Moya, Miguel; Moreno Bella, Eva
    Many societies are becoming more economically unequal, and some people tend to be in favour of higher levels of economic inequality than others do. Traditionally, agency has been associated with high-status and high-power groups. In this research, we examined whether participants’ agency led them to think there should be higher levels of economic inequality. In Study 1 (N = 191) we used a correlational design and found that participants’ agency predicts higher levels of ideal economic inequality. In Study 2 (N = 204), using an experimental design, we revealed that priming agency (vs. communion) also leads to higher levels of ideal economic inequality. These findings extend prior evidence on the psychosocial effects of agency and illustrate the connection between agency and the ideal levels of economic inequality.
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    Wage (In)equality Matters: The Effect of Organizational Economic Inequality on Others’ and Self-Ascriptions
    (Taylor & Francis, 2023-04-24) Kulich, Clara; Willis, Guillermo B.; Moya, Miguel; Rodríguez Bailón, Rosa; Moreno Bella, Eva
    Economic inequality has consequences at the social-psychological level, such as in the way people make inferences about their environment and other people. In the present two preregistered studies, we used a paradigm of an organizational setting to manipulate economic inequality and measured ascriptions of agentic versus communal traits to employees and the self. In Study 1 (N = 187), participants attributed more agency than communion to a middle-status employee, and more communion than agency when economic equality was salient. In Study 2 (N = 198) this finding was replicated. Further, this inequality-agency association was explained by perceptions of competitive employee relationships. Results, moreover, suggested that participants mainly attributed more communion than agency to themselves in the equality condition. We conclude that agency and communion ascriptions may be functional and thus inform about the expectations people have on the nature of social relationships in the face of economic inequality.
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    What about diversity? The effect of organizational economic inequality on the perceived presence of women and ethnic minority groups
    (Public Library of Science, 2022) Kulich, Clara; Willis, Guillermo B.; Moya, Miguel; Moreno Bella, Eva
    Economic inequality shapes the degree to which people and different social groups are perceived in stereotypical ways. Our research sought to investigate the impact of the perception of economic inequality in an organizational setting on expectations of social diversity in the organization’s workforce, across the dimensions of gender and ethnicity. Combining data from previous experiments, we first explored in one set of studies (Studies 1a and 1b; N = 378) whether the degree of economic inequality in a fictitious organization affected participants’ expectations of the representation of minority vs. majority group employees. We found that when we presented an organization with unequal (vs. equal) distribution of economic wealth amongst its employees to study participants, they expected the presence of men and White majority individuals to be larger than the presence of women and ethnic minorities. Second, we tested our hypotheses and replicated these initial effects in a pre-registered study (Study 2: N = 449). Moreover, we explored the potential mediating role of perceived diversity climate, that is, the perception that the organization promotes and deals well with demographic diversity. Findings revealed that an organizational setting that distributed resources unequally (vs. equally) was associated with a more adverse diversity climate, which, in turn, correlated with expectations of a lower presence of minority group employees in the organization. We concluded that economic inequality creates a context that modulates perceptions of a climate of social exclusion which likely affects the possibilities for members of disadvantaged groups to participate and develop in organizations.
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    Where Does the Money Come From? Humanizing High Socioeconomic Status Groups Undermines Attitudes Toward Redistribution
    (Frontiers, 2019-03-29) Martínez, Rocío; Rodríguez Bailón, Rosa; Moya, Miguel; Sainz Martínez, Mario
    The concentration of wealth in the hands of a few at the expense of general impoverishment is a major problem in some modern societies. However, there is a general opposition to redistribution policies or to the application of a progressive taxation system. The goal of this research was to explore one factor that might drive the attitudes toward income redistribution: The (de)humanization of high socioeconomic status groups. Previous studies have shown that high socioeconomic status groups tend to be considered as unemotional machines without any concern for others. However, the consequences of mechanizing (vs. humanizing) high socioeconomic status on the interpretation of socioeconomic differences has not been explored yet. We considered that humanizing high socioeconomic status groups might have an unexpected negative effect on attitudes about income inequality and wealth concentration. Specifically, this research aims to determine how humanizing high socioeconomic status groups influences people’s perceptions of the group’s wealth and preferences for income redistribution. We conducted two studies in which we manipulated the humanity (mechanized vs. humanized in terms of their Human Nature traits) of a high socioeconomic status group. Results of these two studies showed that humanizing (vs. mechanizing) high socioeconomic status groups led to lower support for income redistribution/taxation of wealthy groups, through considering that the group’s wealth comes from internal sources (e.g., ambition) rather than external ones (e.g., corruption). These results were independent of the group’s likeability and perceived competence/warmth. The present research provides valuable insight about the possible dark side of humanizing high socioeconomic status groups as a process that could contribute to the maintenance of the status quo and the legitimation of income inequality in our societies.