Persona: Torre Cubillo, Luis de la
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ldelatorre@dia.uned.es
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0000-0002-9648-9597
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Torre Cubillo
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Publicación Blockchain-Based Cloud Controllers for Reliable Networked Control Systems(Elsevier, 2025-09) Lei, Zhongcheng; Torre Cubillo, Luis de la; Mañas Álvarez, Francisco José; Hu, WenshanNetworked control systems are critical in industrial applications but remain vulnerable to controller failures, which can destabilize operations. Blockchain technology offers a decentralized solution to enhance reliability. While blockchain technologies have been mainly used in financial systems (such as cryptocurrencies) so far, they are now being used in an increasing number of applications (such as logistics, power grids, or the Internet of Things) due to their powerful features and advantages. In this article, the use of blockchains is proposed and explored to deploy decentralized and reliable controllers. A blockchain-based controller architecture is presented to provide controllers that are permanently available, open accessible, and open source. Time to transaction finality and cost for transactions are analyzed in different blockchain networks, thus identifying their suitability. Our analysis reveals that blockchain networks can potentially be applied in slow processes with big enough time constants. Moreover, we propose the integration of event-based control to reduce transaction costs, thereby enhancing the viability of blockchain technologies in networked control systems. To demonstrate the practical application and cost efficiency of our approach, we present a case study focusing on a greenhouse climate control system. Results show that feasible blockchain networks—those compatible with sampling period constraints—consistently reduce control costs. For instance, on Fantom blockchain, event-based control achieved a 27.73-fold reduction in average control costs across six system variables over the eight-day operation period.Publicación Control education for societal-scale challenges: A community roadmap(ELSEVIER, 2023-03-17) Rossiter, John Anthony; Cassandras, Christos G.; Hespanha, João; Dormido Canto, Sebastián; Torre Cubillo, Luis de la; Ranade, Gireeja; Visioli, Antonio; Hedengren, John; Murray, Richard M.; Antsaklis, Panos; Lamnabhi Lagarrigue, Francoise; Parisini, ThomasThis article focuses on extending, disseminating and interpreting the findings of an IEEE Control Systems Society working group looking at the role of control theory and engineering in solving some of the many current and future societal challenges. The findings are interpreted in a manner designed to give focus and direction to both future education and research work in the general control theory and engineering arena, interpreted in the broadest sense. The paper is intended to promote discussion in the community and also provide a useful starting point for colleagues wishing to re-imagine the design and delivery of control-related topics in our education systems, especially at the tertiary level and beyond.Publicación Evidence-Based Control Engineering Education: Evaluating the LCSD Simulation Tool(IEEE, 2020-09-25) Marin, Loreto; Vargas, Héctor; Heradio Gil, Rubén; Torre Cubillo, Luis de la; Díaz Martínez, José Manuel; Dormido Canto, SebastiánThe advance in control engineering education needs well-designed studies that validate what methods and tools work best. This paper addresses the lack of empirical evidence supporting innovations in control engineering education by proposing a methodology that works at different abstraction levels. Hence, innovations' impact on students' performance can be statistically analyzed either globally or locally by examining competencies or fine-grained indicators, respectively. The article reports the application of the methodology for evaluating an interactive simulation tool, named LCSD, on 101 students at the Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaiso in Chile. According to the experimental results, LCSD is an effective free alternative to enhance the student's skills on control system analysis for our automatic control course. Also, some improvements have been identified for future LCSD versions.Publicación Scalable Hybrid Laboratories: Application in Industrial Automation(ELSEVIER, 2025-05-27) Vilches, Marco; Vargas, Héctor; Torre Cubillo, Luis de la; Heradio Gil, RubénSome of the most critical competencies that automation and control students must acquire to become capable engineers require hands-on laboratory expe- riences under conditions that closely resemble real-world work environments. However, current practical laboratories often face challenges in recreating re- alistic and scalable industrial contexts, making it difficult to develop these competencies. This article presents the development and implementation of a hybrid laboratory proposal to address these challenges. The prototype, de- signed for training automation engineers, integrates real control devices with simulated digital replicas of processes, allowing the scalability of the system to address a wide variety of industry-like scenarios. The general design, its physical and virtual implementation, the communication of its components, and the installation and operation context are detailed. The article concludes with the potential advantages and benefits of the hybrid laboratory from an academic teaching perspective, the training of industry professionals, and the technical optimization of the engineering problem addressed.Publicación WarehouseGame Training: A Gamified Logistics Training Platform Integrating ChatGPT, DeepSeek, and Grok for Adaptive Learning(MDPI, 2025-06-06) Romero Marras, Juan José; Torre Cubillo, Luis de la; Chaos García, DictinoModern warehouses play a fundamental role in today’s logistics, serving as strategic hubs for the reception, storage, and distribution of goods. However, training warehouse operators presents a significant challenge due to the complexity of logistics processes and the need for efficient and engaging learning methods. Training in logistics operations requires practical experience and the ability to adapt to real-world scenarios, which can result in high training costs. In this context, gamification and artificial intelligence emerge as innovative solutions to enhance training by increasing operator motivation, reducing learning time, and optimizing costs through personalized approaches. But is it possible to effectively apply these techniques to logistics training? This study introduces WarehouseGame Training, a gamified training tool developed in collaboration with Mecalux Software Solutions and implemented in Unity 3D. The solution integrates large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, DeepSeek, and Grok to enhance adaptive learning. These models dynamically adjust challenge difficulty, provide contextual assistance, and evaluate user performance in logistics training scenarios. Through this gamified training tool, the performance of these AI models is analyzed and compared, assessing their ability to improve the learning experience and determine which one best adapts to this type of training.Publicación A take home laboratory to support teaching electronics: Instructors perspectives and technical revisions, Journal on teaching engineering(University of Porto, 2024-12-02) O´Mahony, Tom; Murray, Michael; Hill, Martin; Onet, Raul; Neag Marius; Torre Cubillo, Luis de la; Zhou, DaoThree modes dominate engineering labs – in-person, simulation and remote. Take-home laboratories have received comparatively little attention within engineering education. This article reports on qualitative data that was collected, via focus groups with eight staff from a single University, to evaluate the effectiveness of take-home laboratories. The laboratories consisted of a range of embedded development platforms along with a bespoke Home Electronics Laboratory Platform (HELP) that was designed to support the learning of analog and digital electronics in the early years of our programmes. The findings indicate that take-home laboratories can support the development of independent learners and enhance troubleshooting skills. Participants also identified that supporting students in their troubleshooting activity was particularly challenging in a remote environment. We make some suggestions for how take-home laboratories could be used to complement existing laboratory practices.Publicación A Study of Strategies for Developing Online Laboratories(IEEE, 2021-12-01) Sáenz Valiente, Jacobo; Torre Cubillo, Luis de la; Chacón Sombría, Jesús; Dormido Canto, SebastiánResearchers and teachers around the world have created newsoftware and hardware to develop, reuse, and deploy online laboratories (labs). However, due to the nature of labs, most of the available solutions depend greatly on where and how online labs can be used in the first place. Thus, there have been multiple design solutions and great technology combinations. In this study, we analyzed and studied the main obstacles in the online lab development and the alternatives of the technologies, means, methodologies, and approaches on creating online labs. The resulting analysis showed the advantages, disadvantages, and problems of each key component and attempted to explore the working combinations that ensure the usability, modularity, universality, accessibility, and reliability of online labs. In addition, we explored a general solution to take advantage of the benefits of the technologies involved in online labs and to fix or reduce the impacts of the arising problems when developing and deploying online labs.Publicación A decentralised approach to cyber-physical systems as a service: Managing shared access worldwide through blockchain standards(ELSEVIER, 2025-02-18) Ramos Villalon, Juan Luis; Torre Cubillo, Luis de la; Lei, Zhongcheng; Hu, Wenshan; Tadashi Kussaba, Hugo; Lemieux, VictoriaCyber-physical systems (CPSs) is a general concept that encompasses a wide variety of systems. Depending on their nature, application, and accessibility needs and restrictions, CPSs can differ a lot from each other. This paper proposes a classification of CPSs based on their accessibility needs and restrictions and, more importantly, presents an approach to create a decentralised and worldwide common access management framework for CPSs for non-critical infrastructures that are meant to be shared and accessed remotely (i.e., offered as a service). The presented solution uses a permissionless blockchain, existing fungible tokens, and a combination of smart contracts based on nonfungible token standards/proposals to enable CPS owners to manage secure, flexible access without centralised oversight. In addition, the proposed framework provides built-in mechanisms for: (i) charging for the use of CPSs, (ii) availability calendar configuration, (iii) worldwide visibility, (iv) easy integration with authentication/authorisation methods, and (v) access control flexibility.Publicación Automatic Generation and Easy Deployment of Digitized Laboratories(IEEE, 2020-12-01) Torre Cubillo, Luis de la; Neustock, Lars Thorben; Herring, George K.; Chacon, Jesus; García Clemente, Félix J.; Hesselink, LambertusThis article presents a general way to enable automatic generation of digitized laboratories (a sort of digital twin for laboratory experimental setups) from remote laboratories and their easy deployment and publication. To demonstrate its effectiveness, we use two existing tools to generate and publish two digitized laboratories online from two implementations of a Snell's law remote laboratory, although they could be applied to many other remote laboratories. The first of these tools is a communication protocol that was designed to manipulate laboratory equipment through the Internet. This protocol can be used to automatically loop through different possible laboratory states and store them. The second one is a web platform that allows uploading files, that contain data sets of the laboratory states, to publish the digitized laboratory as a web application that is generated automatically.Publicación An event-based adaptation of the relay feedback experiment for frequency response identification of stable processes(Elsevier, 2023-04-13) Sánchez Moreno, José; Torre Cubillo, Luis de la; Chacón Sombría, Jesús; Dormido Canto, Sebastián; Elsevier; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0898-3462An event-based modification of the classical relay feedback experiment without the inclusion of additional elements (integrator, time delay, . . . ) for identification of the spectrum of stable processes between zero and the phase cross-over frequency is presented. By inserting an event-based sampler in the control loop, the natural behaviour of a classical relay is simulated and the system is forced to work in two modes. The event-based sampler activates the first mode by sending control actions to the process every time the error signal crosses zero; this mode is to discover the approximated value of the cross-over frequency ω180◦ . During the second mode, the event-based sampler sends samples to the process simulating that the error signal crosses zero at ω180◦ /N where N is the number of points to identify in the range 0 ≤ ω ≤ ω180◦ . One advantage of this procedure is that the logic used in an already existing relay feedback experiment to fit a transfer function model or tune a controller could be maintained just replacing the relay block by the event-based sampler block presented in the paper. Simulations and experiments with different processes and in presence of noise demonstrate the effectivity of the procedure.