Persona:
Jaime Castillo, Antonio Manuel

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amjaime@poli.uned.es
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0000-0002-5853-529X
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Jaime Castillo
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Antonio Manuel
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2022 - 20243
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Mostrando 1 - 3 de 3
  • Miniatura
    Publicación
    Trust and Inequality of Opportunities
    (2024-09-25) Jaime Castillo, Antonio Manuel
    There is a vast literature on the effect of inequality on trust, establishing that equality must be a pre-condition for the emergence of trust. However, most empirical research either focuses on case studies or uses measures of income inequality, such as the Gini index. In this article, we argue that a measure of inequality of opportunities is preferable to focusing on inequality of outcomes, as it taps into the psychological foundations of trust. In contexts where people feel effort is not adequately rewarded because individuals get ahead due to their family background or individual advantages based on luck, it is difficult to establish the conditions for trustful exchanges and long-lasting relationships. We use data from the European Social Survey to break down income into three different sources: equitable income, inherited social (dis-)advantage, and individual (dis-)advantage. Our measure of inequality of opportunities at the societal level is built on the aggregation of inherited social (dis-)advantage at the individual level. Multilevel models prove the negative effect of personal (dis-)advantages on trust. Panel data analysis indicates that living in societies in which inequality of opportunities is higher leads to lower levels of social trust.
  • Miniatura
    Publicación
    Institutional Factors and Agreement in Lawmaking
    (SAGE Publications, 2024-09-25) Benítez Espinosa, Andrés; Carrasco, Beatriz; Pamies Palazuelo, Joan Carles; Jaime Castillo, Antonio Manuel
    Contemporary democracies are undergoing a period of rising levels of polarization and fragmentation. At the same time, the degree of conflict in several parliaments, particularly in Europe, has significantly increased. Despite this, we know very little about conflict and consensus-building in parliaments. In this article, we analyze the degree of agreement in lawmaking in Spanish national and regional parliaments from 1977 to 2023. Using models for panel data we find that agreement between parties is higher when the effective number of parties is also higher, and when the incumbent party does not have a majority in parliament. However, contrary to our expectations and previous scholarship, ideological polarization does not have a significant effect on agreement. Additionally, specific characteristics of the bills have proven to have an impact on the degree of agreement.
  • Miniatura
    Publicación
    Congruence between Voters and Representatives in Preferences for Social Policies in Spain
    (Taylor & Francis, 2022-11-15) Jaime Castillo, Antonio Manuel; Coller Porta, Francesc Xavier; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
    In some countries public opinion is consistently highly supportive of redistribution, while policy outcomes do not always produce high levels of redistribution. According to the political congruence literature this might be due to a biased representation of policy preferences, as those of high socio-economic status are expected to be better represented in the political process. To illuminate this conundrum, we analyze congruence in preferences for redistribution, public expenditure and taxation in the case of Spain, by drawing on data from two complementary surveys that collected information from citizens and members of parliament (MPs). We find a high degree of congruence in political preferences between citizens and representatives. Moreover, although the preferences of well-educated groups are better represented in the case of taxation, it cannot be argued that there is a ‘pro-rich’ bias in MPs’ preferences.